Lesson 1 A puma at large逃遁的美洲狮无灵主语 非谓语动词

at large ^{未被限制的；自由的；在逃的}

• a prisoner / suspect at large ^{(通常做后置定语)}
• The disease is still at large.^{疾病仍在肆虐。}

Pumas are large, cat-like animals which are found in America.

构词法 ^名词-like

• cat-like ↔ catlike ^{偷偷摸摸的}
• dog-like ↔ doglike ^忠实的
• bird-like ↔ birdlike ^{敏捷轻快的}
• lady-like ↔ ladylike ^{风度雍容如贵妇的,温雅的}
• childlike ^{天真烂漫的} 、homelike、kinglike
• catty ^{辅元辅(汉堡结构)需要双写} 、doggy

be found in ...^{产于(生存于、生活于某地)}

• Many plant and animal species are found only in the rainforests.
• Vitamin C is found in citrus fruit.

When reports came into London Zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London, they were not taken seriously.

无灵主语(inanimate subject) ^{物称主语(拟人化)}

• However, a new type of humor, which stems largely from the US, has recently come into fashion.
• The dealer told him that it had just come in, but that he could not be bothered to open it.
• I thought of a good idea. → A good idea came / flashed into my mind.
• He went to the town on business. → Business took him to the town.
• A warm and sunny Sunday found my whole family going for an outing at the beach.
• The sea bed was scoured with powerful nets and there was tremendous excitement on board when a chest was raised from the bottom.
• He lost his confidence. → Confidence deserted him.
• I couldn't sleep that night. → That night sleep eluded me.
• We only travelled half the distance at sunset. → Sunset met us halfway. ^{日落在中途与我们相遇。}
• The past few years witnessed the great influx of foreigners to China, for travelling, studies or business. ^{过去几年见证了大量外国人涌入中国旅游、学习或经商。}

in / on / to the south of ... ^{只有to可省略}

• Shanghai is in the south of China. ^范围以内
• Vietnam is on the south of China. ^{外部相接壤}
• Indonesia is to the south of China. = Indonesia is south of China. ^{外部并有距离（to 可以省略）}
• 100 kilometers south of Xi'an ^{在西安以南100公里处}

take ^{v.看待、对待}

• Unfortunately, no one took my opinion seriously. ^{不幸的是，没有人严肃地看待我的意见。 (以某种方式) 看待}

造句 ^{参考课文例句结构}

• crocodile: The crocodile raised its head out of the water and opened its huge mouth.
• fish: I watched the beautiful fish as they swam around the aquarium.
• bear: We were walking in the woods when we saw a big black bear.
• cat: The cat sat on my knee, purring contentedly.
• chicken: Our chicken gives us eggs every day.
• horse: The horse was standing in the field, eating grass.
• bird: I looked up and saw a bird flying through the sky.
• deer: While we were walking in the park, we came across several deer.
• pig: The fat pink pig devoured its food very quickly.
• duck: The duck was swimming happily in the pond.
• frog: I watched the frog catch a fly in its mouth before jumping back into the pond.
• lion: The big yellow lion roared loudly when I approached.
• squirrel: The squirrel picked up the nut from the ground and headed back up the tree.
• rabbit: I saw a grey rabbit in the field nibbling on a carrot.
• dog: The dog barked excitedly as I approached the house.
• monkey: I looked up and saw a monkey sitting in a tree.
• snake: The long green snake moved quickly through the grass.
• sheep: The white sheep were standing in the field, eating grass.
• giraffe: Giraffes use their long necks to eat leaves from tall trees.
• cow: The black and white cow mooed loudly as I entered the barn.

However, as the evidence began to accumulate, experts from the Zoo felt obliged to investigate, for the descriptions given by people who claimed to have seen the puma were extraordinarily similar.

give descriptions ^{= descriptions which were given by people ...}

• make descriptions ^{作描述 descriptions made by people ...}
• We shall give brief descriptions of both models next.^{我们然后将提供两者模型的简短描述。}

非谓语动词做后置定语

• John had a very good day and put his wallet containing £3,000 into the microwave oven for safekeeping.
• For hundreds of years, St. Bernard dogs have saved the lives of travellers crossing the dangerous Pass.
• movies directed by Zhang Yimou

done 做非谓语原因之一^{（状语从句的省略）}

• Tired of sleeping on the floor, a young man in Tehran saved up for years to buy a real bed.

be extraordinarily similar ^非常相似

• be particularly alike ^写作替换
• had a lot in common ^{有很多共同点}
• look a little bit alike ^{看起来有点像(口语)}
• had considerable commonalities ^{相当于英语的”文言文“}

• Fishermen and sailors sometimes claim to have seen monsters in the sea.
• Everyone went to the funeral, for the 'ghost' was none other than Eric Cox, a third brother who was supposed to have died as a young man.
• A policeman approached Jimmy and told him he ought to have gone along a side street as Jumbo was holding up the traffic.

The hunt for the puma began in a small village where a woman picking blackberries saw 'a large cat' only five yards away from her.

hunt for ... ^{(出去)找、搜寻}

• I'm hunting for a job now.
• The hunt for a job will begin tomorrow. ^{动词变名词后介词不变}

可表名词所有格的介词

It immediately ran away when she saw it, and experts confirmed that a puma will not attack a human being unless it is cornered.

The search proved difficult, for the puma was often observed at one place in the morning and at another place twenty miles away in the evening.

Wherever it went, it left behind it a trail of dead deer and small animals like rabbits.

疑问词 + ever ^两种用法

1. 引导让步状语从句：no matter + 疑问词 + 从句，表示“无论…” ^{No matter where you live, you would find it difficult not to laugh at, say, Charlie Chaplin's early films.}
2. 用于疑问句中：表示“到底(加强语气)” ^{'Whatever are you doing up here Bill?' asked the vicar in surprise.} 

• Where did you go yesterday? ^{你昨天去哪儿了?}
• Wherever did you go yesterday? ^{你昨天到底去哪儿了?}
• When ever am I going to see you again? ^{我到底什么时候才能再见到你?}

a trail of ^{一串：一连串的物体或事件。}

• Wherever he went, he left a trail of unpaid bills behind him.^{无论他走到哪里，总会留下一串未付的账单。}
• Wherever he went, he left a trail of broken hearts behind him. ^{无论他走到哪里，身后都留下了一串破碎的心。}

Paw prints were seen in a number of places and puma fur was found clinging to bushes. ^{无灵主语(突出句子核心、句首和句尾是最核心位置)}

突出重点

• People have paid more and more attention to the condition of the laid-off workers. ^{人做主语(分不清重点信息)}
• Increasing attention has been paid to the condition of the laid-off workers. ^{下岗工人的状况已受到越来越多的关注。}

fur and feather ^{飞禽走兽(单词短的放前面)}

• fin, fur and feather ^押首韵(f)
• The crown should not yield to the cross. ^{王权不应该屈服神权(押首韵c)}

Puma fur was found clinging to bushes. ^{非谓语动词做主语补足语}

• As no pumas had been reported missing from any zoo in the country...
• The fire was reported controlled. ^更简洁 ↔ It is reported that the fire was controlled. ^{主语从句（啰嗦）}

Several people complained of 'cat-like noises' at night and a businessman on a fishing trip saw the puma up a tree.

on a business / honeymoon trip ^{出差/蜜月旅行}

• on a journey / voyage / expedition / tour ... ^{在一次旅行/航行/探险(远征)/环游/周游中……}
• Jimmy is going on a journey tomorrow. ^{吉米明天要去旅行。}

The experts were now fully convinced that the animal was a puma, but where had it come from?

介词遇到that被省略的例外情况

• in that ... ^{因为（句中、句末，引导原因状态从句）}
• except / but that ... ^{除了/ 但}

As no pumas had been reported missing from any zoo in the country, this one must have been in the possession of a private collector and somehow managed to escape.

manage to do ^{设法完成了某事（强调结果）}

• Our vicar is always raising money for one cause or another, but he has never managed to get enough money to have the church clock repaired.
• Though he managed to take a number of brilliant photographs, he could not stay near the volcano for very long.
• The pilot managed to circle the balloon for some time.
• A few hours earlier, someone had told the police that thieves would try to steal the diamonds. ^{强调去做(与manage to导向不同)}

fail to do ^{没能完成某事(努力过了)}

• When the journalist again failed to reply, the editor reluctantly published the article as it had originally been written.
• Once, however, it failed to give the correct time.
• Those who failed to get in need not have felt disappointed, as many of the artistes who should have appeared did not come.

The hunt went on for several weeks, but the puma was not caught.

It is disturbing to think that a dangerous wild animal is still at large in the quiet countryside.

It is ... to think that ... ^{一想到某事就让人...（动词+ing 当形容词表事物的特征）}

• It is worrying to think that ... ^{不安、担忧}
• It is exciting to think that ... ^{兴奋、激动}
• It is comforting to think that... ^{安慰、欣慰}
• It is amusing to think that ... ^{有趣、好笑}
• It is irritating to think that ...^{烦人、恼火}

本课是《新三》的敲门砖也是开始步入中高级语法的开端，如果通过讲解与笔记还是对非谓语动词、各种从句及长难句的分解不够熟悉，推荐再次复习《新二》！