Lesson 14 Do you speak English?你会讲英语吗？过去完成时

after + 从句 ^在…之后	before + 从句 ^在…之前
主句是过去时，从句用过去完成时^{(区别发生时间的先后顺序)}	主句使用过去完成时,从句使用一般过去时^{(区别先后顺序)}
I had lunch at half past twelve. I had one after my lunch.	Work on it had begun before my sister left.

动词 + on^{“向前”、“继续下去” 这里的On做副词修饰动词}

drive on ^继续开往	go on ^继续	talk on ^滔滔不绝
drive to ^{开车去某地}	My heart will go on. ^{《我心永恒》}	He talked on until everybody had gone. ^{他滔滔不绝地讲到大家都走了。}
I was reading when my friend called. After he had gone, I went on to read. ^{我朋友来看我时我正在看书。他走了以后我便继续看书。}

表地理方位的^{(in、on、to)}

in^{（在…里面）}	on^（接壤）	to^{（没有相接的, 是相离的）}
A is in the east of B ^{（A 在B 的里面）}	A is on the east of B ^{（A 与 B 接壤）}	A is to the east of B ^{（A 与B 不相接）}

On the way, a young man waved to me. ^{在路上, 在途中}

wave to sb. ^{冲某人挥手}

Wave to a child.^{向孩子挥手。}
Wave to your mother.^{向你妈妈招手。}
Why didn't Ann see me wave to her?^{安为什么没看见我向她招手？}

on the way to ... ^{在去...的路上}
Can you tell me the way to King Street, please? He is well on the way to establishing himself among the top ten players in the world.^{他很快就会成为排名世界前十位的选手。}
on one's way to ... ^{在某人去...的路上}
on my way to work. ^{在我去工作的路上} on my way home. ^{在我回家的路上(归乡的路)}

* As soon as he had got into the car, I said good morning to him in French and he replied in the same language.

as soon as ^{一…就…（通常位于句首表时间）}	no sooner... than... ^{某个事件发生之后，另一个事件立即发生}
As soon as I had entered the room,I took off my coat at once. As soon as I had received the letter,I ringed/called him back. As soon as you arrive^(将来),you must call me^(现在). ^{你一到就打我电话}	No sooner had she left the house than it started raining. ^{她刚离开家就下起雨来了。} No sooner had I closed my eyes than I fell asleep. ^{我一闭上眼睛就睡着了。} No sooner had the concert ended than the fans rushed the stage. ^{音乐会一结束，歌迷们就涌上舞台。}

in + 语言 §

可以不加介词 in ^{(讲某种语言时)}	in ^{(作为交际手段时)}
I speak English. ^{我会说英语}	I say a word in Chinese. ^{我用中文说一个字。}
Please use English conversation. ^{请使用英语对话}	That book is written in German. ^{那本书是用德语写的。}
I'm speaking Chinese. ^{我说的是中文}	Please answer me in English. ^{请用英语回答我}
He spoke German.He does not speak English.	Please say "Thank you" in Japanese. ^{请用日语说“谢谢”}

句中为什么没有使用 reply in 而不是 reply to

reply to + 宾语	reply in the same language ^{使用同样的语言（句中作状语）}
reply to me in the same language. ^{回复我用同一种语言}	speaking in the same language.^{说同一种语言}

在各种交通工具上

on ^{大型交通工具(可以站直)}	in ^{小型交通工具(要低头进入)}
get onto the bus ^上公交车	get into the car 进入小车
on the train ^在火车上	In the tricycle ^{在三轮车里}
on the airplane ^在飞机上	On the bike ^{在自行车上}
On the ship ^在轮船上	In a boat ^在小船上

Neither of us spoke during the journey.

neither of ^{两者都不...（of 介词后+宾格）}	none of ^{三者及以上都不...}
neither of the soldiers 两个士兵都不... Neither of the twins liked sleeping during the daytime. neither of them/you 使用宾格^(介宾)	None of them could sing in tune. ^{他们中没有一个人能唱得合调。} None of the leaves can be green forever.^{(leaves 叶子通常大于2)} She has lost none of her naivety.^{她丝毫没有失去那份天真烂漫(不可数)。}

Apart from a few words, I do not know any French at all.

Except ^{prep.除…外，不包括(特殊情况)}	apart from… ^{除…以外(普通情况)}
I like all fruits except bananas.^{（我喜欢所有的水果，除了香蕉。）} I like all sports except football. ^{除足球外我喜欢所有的运动。} Everyone attended the meeting except John.^{（除了约翰，每个人都参加了会议。）}	Apart from anything else I was starving.^{别的不说，我快饿死了。} I like all sports apart from football.^{除足球外我喜欢所有的运动。} Everyone is here, apart from Mary.^{（每个人都在这里，除了玛丽。）}

not … at all 一点都不，表强调^{（以任何方式或方面，到最小的程度或程度，或在任何情况下）}

not ^{普通否定(不)}	not…at all ^{强调否定(完全不)}
I don't like it. ^{我不喜欢这个}	I don't like it at all. ^{我完全不喜欢这个}
I don't like spicy food. ^{我不喜欢辣食。}	I don't like spicy food at all. ^{我完全不喜欢辣食。}
You don't need bookcases. ^{你不需要书柜。}	You don't need bookcases at all. ^{你根本不需要书柜。}

I had nearly reached the town, when the young man suddenly said, very slowly, "Do you speak English?'

nearly ^{adv. 几乎，差不多；密切地，亲密地；即将，就要}

when 的翻译要看当时的具体情况, 在这里译为“就在此时”

I had nearly reached home when I found my mother standing there.^{我快到家时，发现妈妈站在那里。}

Do you ^{（问的是一个事实，不是能力）}	Can you ^{（问能力和意愿）}
Do you speak English? ^{你说英语吗?}	Can you speak English? ^{你会说英语吗?(不礼貌)}
Do you swim? ^{你去游泳吗?}	Can you swim? ^{你会游泳吗?}

As I soon learnt, he was English himself!' §

learn ^{得知，获悉(学习也是得知)}	know ^{知道;懂得;了解}
I learn ^我得知 I soon learn ^{我很快得知}	I know 我知道^{(我本来就知道所以不能让soon修饰)} I soon see. ^{我很快就会明白}

As + 主语 + 动词^{(像我所...一样)}+ 主句 ^{AS引导的非限制性定语从句}

As my mother said ^{正如我妈说的}	As my mother said,"Although my daughter has walked a long way, I have walked a longer way." ^{“我女儿走过的路很远，但我走过的路更远。an even longer one.”}
As I heard ^{正如我听说的}	As I heard, the new movie is receiving positive reviews from critics. ^{（据我所听，这部新电影受到了评论家的好评。）}
As I learnt ^{正如我得知的}	As I learnt, plants require sunlight for photosynthesis to produce energy. ^{植物需要阳光来进行光合作用以产生能量}
As we know ^{正如我们所知}	As we know,the New Concept English is very good. …
As he said ^{正如他说的}	As he said, English is easy to learn.

himself 反身代词单独放在句尾, 起强调作用“亲自” （I read English myself.）^{By oneself 独自}

语法知识过去完成时更新于:2024-02-04 08:21:35

现在完成时	过去完成时
have + done ^{(站在现在的部分/全部完成影响到现在)}	had + done ^{(站在过去的部分/全部完成影响到过去的当时)}
When he get there, she is not there.She has left. ^{（他到达那里时，她不在那里。她已经离开了。）强调的是目前情况}	When he got there, she was not there.She had left. ^{（他到达那里时，她不在那里。她已经离开了。）着重描述过去的情况}
常用连词 when，after，as soon as，until，by that time 等	常连用的副词如already，just，never，never…before 也常与过去完成时连用。

过去完成时与现在完成时放在一起为对比结构，通常情况下过去完成时会搭配一般过去时使用表示强调事件、动作发生的是先后顺序。

一般过去^(后)	过去完成时^(先)
I didn’t know that she was a famous actress until	you had told me.
The boys loved the zoo.	They had never seen wild animals before.
When he got there	she had left.

将多个简单句合并的方式

原句	使用连词	一般过去+过去完成
He finished work. He went home. ^(After)	After he finished work, he went home. ^{He went home after he finished work.}	After he had finished work^(先), he went home.^(后) ^{He went home, after he had finished work.}
He finished lunch. He asked for a glass of water. ^(When)	When he finished lunch, he asked for a glass of water. ^{He asked for a glass of water when he finished lunch.}	When he had finished lunch, he asked for a glass of water. ^{he asked for a glass of water,when he had finished lunch.}
The sun set. We returned to our hotel. ^{(as soon as)}	As soon as the sun set, we returned to our hotel. ^{We returned to our hotel as soon as the sun set.}	As soon as the sun had set ,we returned to our hotel. ^{we returned to our hotel, as soon as the sun had set.}

单词句型Ask 与 Ask For 更新于:2024-01-11 11:02:18

ask ^{v. 问，询问；请求，要求，邀请}

ask a question/ask sb.^{问（一个问题）/问某人}	ask for ^{要，要求（某样东西）}
I asked (Mary) a question. ^问问题 They asked Tony to sing a song. 他们请托尼唱首歌。 They asked her to spend the weekend with them. ^{他们邀请她和他们一起度周末。}	ask for the answer. ^问答案 I asked for a cup of coffee, but they gave me a cup of tea.^{我要一杯咖啡，但他们给了我一杯茶。} You are always asking for help. ^{你总是在寻求帮助}

Except ^{不用于句首}	Except for ^{句首、句中}	Apart from ^{习惯上喜欢放句首}
Everyone has helped in some way apart from/except for/except you.
All the passengers are millionaire except us. ^（减号）	Apart from/Except for you, everyone has helped in some way.
I invited everyone except George. / Except for George I invited everyone.		Except for/Apart from this, everything is in order.
-	except for 含有对整体中的某一个方面不满意 The article is very good except for his handwriing. Except for his height, he is very excellent. 强调整体当中某一方面除外,剩下的整体都不错	-

besides ^{除…之外（还）}

如果认为整体之中做这件事情的人除了整体之外，还有这个人也做了（包括），是加号=besides；如果认为整体之中做这件事情的人除了整体之外，这个人没有做（排除），是减号=except；如果放在句首，统一用apart from 代替 except/besides

which of ^那一个	both of ^两者都	either of sb.^{两者中的任何一个(肯定)}	neither of sb. ^{(否定)任何一个都"不"}
Which of the two do you prefer? There are three books on the table. Which of them is yours?	Both books/Both of the books are interesting. I like both of these bags. Both of us/them left early.	I don't like the book. Either of them. ^{选择一个使用} My sister doesn't like it either^{(否定“也”)}. You can choose either of the two options.	Which bag shall I use? Neither of us likes it.^{(不定代词)} It doesn’t matter which. 随便 Neither of them. Use a suitcase. ^{哪个都不行。用个手提箱吧。}
当询问在多个中的人或事物中偏爱哪一个或选择哪一个时	它用在名词前时，of 可省略，当用在代词前面时不可省略	用于肯定语境，表示在两者中的任何一个。	用于否定语境，表示两者都“不”

either 与 neither 都是对两个人或物而言^{（后接单数名词）}。either 指 one or the other^{（不是这个就是那个）}，either 和 neither 后跟 of 时则指两个事物中的每一个。

扩展知识过去完成时vs.现在完成时更新于:2024-01-11 11:09:41

时间/语态	过去完成时 ^{在过去某个时间或事件之前}	现在完成时 ^{在过去某个时间或事件之前或包括当前时间}
动词形式	had + done	have/has + done
关联词	before, after, by the time, already	since, for, just, yet, so far
示例	When he got there, she was not there. She had left.	He has already finished his homework.

过去完成时与现在完成的角度相同，但出发点不同，过去完成时站在过去往前看，现在完成时站在现在往前面。

It is 10:00.I have waited for 2 hours. ^{现在完成时}
It was 10:00.I had waited for 2 hours. ^{过去完成时}

过去完成时、一般过去时和过去将来时

时态	过去完成时 ^{Past Perfect 过去某个时间或事件之前}	一般过去时 ^{Simple Past 过去的某个具体时间}	过去将来时 ^{Future in the Past 过去某个时间点认为将会发生的动作或事件}
动词形式	had + done	did	would/should + do
强调动作完成时间	是	否
描述动作发生时的状态	描述过去某个时间或事件之前已经发生或完成的动作	描述过去发生的动作或存在的状态	描述过去的观点或计划等
示例	By the time I arrived, they had already left.	I walked to the park yesterday.	She said she would call me later.

过去完成时^(最先)	一般过去时^(然后)	过去将来时^(最后)
A few hours earlier, someone had told the police §	The plane was late...	that thieves would try to steal the diamonds.
...a large crowd of people had gathered under the Town Hall clock. §	On Wednesday evening, we went to the Town Hall.	It would strike twelve in twenty minutes' time.

不规则动词的变化 §

原型	过去式	过去分词	现在分词
leave	left	left	leaving
learn	learned	learned
learn	learnt	learnt
drive	drove	driven	driving
speak	spoke	spoken

Kill two birds with one stone ^{一箭双雕；一举两得}

共有6题需要完成

练习题

I speak a few words of French. I don't know French.^（单选）

A、many
B、much
C、plenty of
D、a little
Neither of us spoke. We .^（单选）

A、neither spoke
B、either spoke
C、both didn't speak
D、neither didn't speak
He replied in French. He the writer in French.^（单选）

A、responded
B、answered
C、returned
D、remarked
The young man waved to the writer. He him.^（单选）

A、salute
B、greeted
C、signalled to
D、nodded
He asked for a lift. He was a .^（单选）

A、tramp
B、hitch hiker
C、passenger
D、foreigner
The writer had reached the town when the young man spoke.^（单选）

A、often
B、almost
C、sometimes
D、just as

Lesson 13 The Greenwood Boys

Lesson 15 Good news

Lesson 14 Do you speak English?你会讲英语吗？过去完成时

与课文关联的单词

experience *

wave *

lift *

reply *

language *

journey

amusing

After I had left a small village in the south of France, I drove on to the next town.

动词 + on “向前”、“继续下去” 这里的On做副词修饰动词

表地理方位的(in、on、to)

On the way, a young man waved to me. 在路上, 在途中

wave to sb. 冲某人挥手

* As soon as he had got into the car, I said good morning to him in French and he replied in the same language.

in + 语言 §

句中为什么没有使用 reply in 而不是 reply to

在各种交通工具上

Neither of us spoke during the journey.

Apart from a few words, I do not know any French at all.

not … at all 一点都不，表强调（以任何方式或方面，到最小的程度或程度，或在任何情况下）

I had nearly reached the town, when the young man suddenly said, very slowly, "Do you speak English?'

nearly adv. 几乎，差不多；密切地，亲密地；即将，就要

As I soon learnt, he was English himself!' §

As + 主语 + 动词 (像我所...一样) + 主句 AS引导的非限制性定语从句

将多个简单句合并的方式

ask v. 问，询问；请求，要求，邀请

besides 除…之外（还）

过去完成时、一般过去时和过去将来时

不规则动词的变化 §

练习题

I speak a few words of French. I don't know French.（单选）

Neither of us spoke. We .（单选）

He replied in French. He the writer in French.（单选）

The young man waved to the writer. He him.（单选）

He asked for a lift. He was a .（单选）

The writer had reached the town when the young man spoke.（单选）

Lesson 14 Do you speak English?

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experience ^*

wave ^*

lift ^*

reply ^*

language ^*

动词 + on^{“向前”、“继续下去” 这里的On做副词修饰动词}

表地理方位的^{(in、on、to)}

On the way, a young man waved to me. ^{在路上, 在途中}

wave to sb. ^{冲某人挥手}

not … at all 一点都不，表强调^{（以任何方式或方面，到最小的程度或程度，或在任何情况下）}

nearly ^{adv. 几乎，差不多；密切地，亲密地；即将，就要}

As + 主语 + 动词^{(像我所...一样)}+ 主句 ^{AS引导的非限制性定语从句}

ask ^{v. 问，询问；请求，要求，邀请}

besides ^{除…之外（还）}

I speak a few words of French. I don't know French.^（单选）

Neither of us spoke. We .^（单选）

He replied in French. He the writer in French.^（单选）

The young man waved to the writer. He him.^（单选）

He asked for a lift. He was a .^（单选）

The writer had reached the town when the young man spoke.^（单选）