Lesson 60 Too early and too late太早和太晚单元复习

Punctuality is a necessary habit in all public affairs in civilized society.

public affairs ^{n. issues and questions about social, economic, political or business activities, etc. that affect ordinary people in general 公众事务}

• No one CARES about public affairs. ^{没有人关心公共事务。}
• Aquarius constantly participates in numerous public affairs. ^{水瓶座不停的参加繁多的公共活动。}
• Although they are very old, they are in high spirits in public affairs. ^{虽然他们都很老了，但是做起公共事务来却是精神饱满。}

civilized society ^文明社会

• Terrorism is a threat to the civilized world.
• Such behaviour is totally unacceptable in a civilized society. ^{这种行为在文明社会是完全不能接受的。}
• Is a civilized society responsible for crime? ^{文明社会对犯罪负有责任吗？}

造句：Politeness / Courtesy is a necessary habit in all public affairs in civilized society. ^{礼节是文明社会所有公众事务中一个必备的习惯。}

Without it, nothing could ever be brought to a conclusion; everything would be in a state of chaos.

虚拟语气的省略 ^{介词短语代替虚拟条件句}

If we didn’t have it nothing could ever be brought to a conclusion; everything would be in state of chaos. ^课文补全

• Without it we could not make a living.
• If we didn’t have it we could not make a living.

ever ^{（加强语气）从来}

• Nothing ever seems to upset him.
• She's got a great voice and is singing better than ever. ^{她有一副好嗓音，比以往任何时候都唱得好。}
• Japan is wealthier and more powerful than ever before. ^{日本现在比以往任何时候都富有和强大。}

bring sth. to a conclusion ^{使某事结束}

• In the nineteenth century, a novelist would bring his story to a conclusion by presenting his readers with a series of coincidences—most of them wildly improbable.
• They couldn’t bring them to a conclusion. ^{他们的原因在于总是不能得出结论。}
• The only way to bring everything to a peaceful conclusion will be to stop whoever is behind all this. ^{想要重建和平的唯一方法，就是将那只幕后的黑手揪出来。}

draw / come to / reach a conclusion ^得出结论

This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.^{标准答案：这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府得出结论：政府要向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。}

chaos ^{disorder; mess; confusion 混乱}

• Only two stray dogs benefited from all this confusion, for they greedily devoured what was left of the cake.
• The world's first transatlantic balloon race ended in chaos last night. ^{世界首次横渡大西洋的气球比赛昨晚在混乱中结束了。}
• The storms and torrential rain caused traffic chaos across the country. ^{暴风雨和倾盆大雨造成了全国的交通混乱。}

in (a state of) chaos ^{处于一片混乱（状态）}

• Without rules, people would live in a state of chaos. ^{若无规则，人们将在混乱状态中生活。}
• After the bombing attack, the city was in a state of chaos. ^{轰炸过后，城市陷入一片混乱。}
• We're in a state of complete chaos here and I need a little time to sort myself out. ^{我们这儿处于一片混乱之中，我需要一些时间让自己平静下来。}

In the absence of the teacher, the class was in a state of chaos. ^{在老师不在的时候，班里处于一片混乱状态。}

Only in a sparsely-populated rural community is it possible to disregard it.

sparsely / thinly populated  ^{人口稀少的}

• The province is heavily forested and sparsely populated. ^{该省森林茂密，人烟稀少。}
• The $220m bridge goes to the sparsely inhabited island of Gravina, Alaska. ^{这座造价2.2亿美元的桥，通往人烟稀少的阿拉斯加州格拉维纳。}
• The island is thinly populated. ^{这个岛人口稀少。}
• There is little demand for electricity in the thinly populated coastal region. ^{在人口稀少的沿海地区电力需求小。}

disregard ^{vt. 忽视；不理；漠视；不顾}

• They disregard social conventions without being conscious that they are doing anything extraordinary.
• He disregarded the advice of his executives. ^{他对主管们的建议置之不理。}
• He drove with blithe disregard for the rules of the road. ^{他开车时全然不顾交通法规。}

In ordinary living, there can be some tolerance of unpunctuality.

living ^{n. 含义1：生计}

• make / earn a living ^谋生
• Father never talked about what he did for a living. ^{父亲从未谈起他是做什么来谋生的。}

living ^{n. 含义2：生活；生活方式}

• plain / luxurious living ^{简朴/奢侈 的生活}
• the art of living ^{生活的艺术}
• Olivia has always been a model of healthy living. ^{奥利维亚一直是健康生活的榜样。}

常见几种英译汉的错误原因：1、单词不认识；2、语法分析错误；3、习语搭配产生的误解；4、主语不符合中文习惯^{（被动、无灵主语等）}；5、词性的转换^{（书面语中英文更倾向使用名词）}；
解决翻译错误的方法：1、名词换动词；2、无灵主语换人称主语；被动换主动；

无灵主语

• … there can be some tolerance of unpunctuality. ^{翻译：人们可以容忍一定程度的不准时}
• There can’t be any tolerance of this brutality. ^{翻译：没有人会容忍这种暴行}

The intellectual, who is working on some abstruse problem, has everything coordinated and organized for the matter in hand.

work on sth. / doing ^致力于…

• John is still working on the new book.
• The couple need to work on improving their relationship. 
• I need to work on my swing. ^{我需要改进我的挥杆动作。}

abstruse ^{adj. difficult to understand 深奥的；难理解的}

• It's a good movie but it's too abstruse for me. ^{这是一部好电影，但是对我太深奥了。}
• Einstein's theory of relativity is very abstruse. ^{爱因斯坦的相对论非常难懂。}
• For the average editor, that analogy might seem abstruse. ^{对大多数编辑而言，这一类比似乎很深奥。}

some abstruse problem ^{some 用法}

• She was never happy unless he was worrying at some problem. ^{只要设法将把问题解决了她才会高兴起来的。}
• I read something that he had some problem with a taxi driver. ^{我有一次在报纸上看到他和一个出租车司机有些问题。}
• In one of my projects, Drools 5 was chosen as a solution for some problem. ^{我有一个项目选择Drools 5来作为解决某个问题的方案。}

• I need some information about the new policy. ^{我需要一些关于新政策的信息。}
• She bought some books for her upcoming trip. ^{她为即将到来的旅行买了一些书。}
• Can you lend me some pen? (informal, less common) ^{你能借我一支笔吗？（非正式，较少用）}
•  He will be back in some 10 minutes. ^{他大约10分钟后回来。}

(have sth. done) 主语本身做某事^{（通过上下文判断）}

By this time, a Lancaster bomber in reasonable condition was rare and worth rescuing.
The French authorities had the plane packaged and moved in parts back to France. Now a group of enthusiasts are going to have the plane restored.

the job / task / matter in hand ^手头的…

• Could you just concentrate on the job in hand?
• As the matter in hand was urgent, we dealt with it at once. 
• Their courage was up now and well in hand. ^{他们现在已经鼓起了勇气，一切尽在掌握之中。}

hand ^前加介词

• I always keep a dictionary close at hand. ^在手边
• My birthday is near at hand. ^{快到了(日子)}
• The signature must be made by hand.^用手
• They are always on hand whenever you need them.  ^有空的
• I can’t remember his phone number off hand.^{立即、马上}

He is therefore forgiven if late for a dinner party.

He is therefore forgiven if (he is) late for a dinner party.^课文补全

状语从句的省略 ^{状语从句中如果满足以下两个条件}

1. 状语从句的主语与主句主语一致。
2. 状语从句的谓语包含 be 动词。

例外：如果状语从句的主语是虚指的主语 it ，这个时候就可以把 be 动词和主语 it 同时省略，可以不考虑主句主语统一。

• Metals expand when (they are) heated and contract when (they are) cooled. ^时间
• Francis Preston Blair Jr., although (he was) born in Kentucky, lived and practiced in Missouri.  ^让步
• Judges, however wise or eminent (they are), are human and can make mistakes. 
• While (he was) on a walking tour with his wife, he stopped to talk to a workman.
• We’ll resolve the Vladivostok issue with peaceful means when (it is) ever possible, with force when (it is) necessary. ^{从句的主语是虚指的主语 it} 

But people are often reproached for unpunctuality when their only fault is cutting things fine.

cut things fine ^{时间不留余地，掐钟点}

• He cut things fine by reaching the classroom only 20 seconds before the bell rang.
• They cut things fine by arriving just a minute before the meeting started. ^{他们在会议开始前一分钟才到，时间抓得很紧。}

It is hard for energetic, quick-minded people to waste time, so they are often tempted to finish a job before setting out to keep an appointment.

be / feel tempted to do ^很想…

• I feel tempted to take a day off.
• Several times since, she has been tempted to ring him up. Her pride, however, would not let her to do so.
• I was tempted to skip the meeting and stay at home. ^{我很想跳过会议，待在家里。}

set out to do ^{begin a job, task, etc . with a particular aim or goal 带着目的去做某事}

• The journalist immediately set out to obtain these important facts, but he took a long time to send them.
• Dmitri at once set out to find the thief.
• The government set out to destroy the organization root and branch. ^{政府着手完全彻底地摧毁这个组织。}
• The band is now setting out to conquer the world. ^{这支乐队现在要去征服世界。}
• This is what you have been setting out to do in your other lives, in your past existences. ^{这正是你在你以往其他轮回中所设定要做的。}
  

have an appointment ^{有约（事务）}

• I have an appointment with my lawyer tomorrow. ^{我明天和律师有个约会。}
• She has an appointment with her accountant. ^{她和她的会计师有个约会。}
• I guess he already has an appointment with him right? ^{我想他是跟他约好了是吧？}

If no accidents occur on the way, like punctured tyres, diversions of traffic, sudden descent of fog, they will be on time.

a flat / burst / punctured + tyre / tire ^…的轮胎

• I got a flat tyre on the way to work this morning. ^{今天早上上班途中，我的轮胎瘪了。}
• The driver lost control when a tire burst. ^{一只轮胎爆裂时司机失去了控制。}
• The tire punctured a mile from home. ^{在离家一英里处车胎被扎破了。}

diversion ^{n. (BrE.)} = detour ^{(AmE.) a different way that traffic is sent when the usual roads are closed （交通）改道}

• They turned back because of traffic diversions. 
•  He did not take the direct route to his home, but made a detour around the outskirts of the city. ^{他没有直接回家，而是在市郊绕了一段路。}
• A slight diversion in the road is causing major headaches for businesses along El Camino Real. ^{马路上的一小段绕行道让国王大道沿街的商家十分头疼。}

come down / descend ^下降

• A dense fog came down / descended in the afternoon. 
• The pilots were told to descend to 2-2,000 feet. ^{飞行员被告知要将飞机下降到2-2000英尺。}
• Clouds had come down and it was starting to drizzle. ^{云压了下来，开始下起了毛毛雨。}

lift / clear / disperse ^雾散

• The fog had lifted / cleared / dispersed by late morning. 
• The heavy fog didn't lift until noon. ^{到中午时分，大雾才消散。}
• Patches of fog will clear by mid-morning. ^{上午十时左右，团团浓雾将散去。}
• The fog began to disperse. ^{雾开始散了。}

They are often more industrious, useful citizens than those who are never late.

industrious ^{adj.勤劳的，勤奋的}

• We are industrious, creative beings. ^{我们是勤勉的，有创造力的人类。}
• They are known for their industrious nature. ^{它们因为勤劳的天性而出名。}
• Not only is he industrious, but he is also imaginative. ^{他不但勤奋，而且富有想象力。}
• We are more mellow, patient and industrious than men. ^{我们比男人更加柔美、更加耐心，也更加任劳任怨。}

The over-punctual can be as much a trial to others as the unpunctual. ^同级比较

be a trail to sb. ^{令某人头疼讨厌}

• She was a trail to her parents when she was younger. 
• The constant noise from the construction site has been a real trial to the neighbors. ^{建筑工地的噪音一直让邻居们十分头疼。}
• Her unpredictable mood swings were a trial to everyone around her. ^{她那反复无常的情绪让身边的所有人都感到头疼。}
• Managing the team’s frequent delays has been a trial to the project leader. ^{处理团队的频繁延误对项目负责人来说是一件头疼的事。}
• The long commute to work every day is a trial to him. ^{每天长时间的通勤对他来说真是件令人头疼的事。}
• Dealing with his constant complaints has become a trial to the customer service team. ^{应对他不断的投诉已经成了客服团队的一大难题。}

as much as ... ^{和…一样；就等于…}

• That is as much as to say I am a liar.
• I hope you have as much fun as I did. 
• He is as much a bore as his father.
• She is as much a beauty as her mother.
• I've made as much as I've spent. ^{我挣的和花的一样多。}
• That was as much as ten years ago. ^{那和十年前一样多。}

The guest who arrives half an hour too soon is the greatest nuisance.

… too early / soon ^早了…

• He arrived ten minutes too early.
• She considers that it is too early to form a definite conclusion. ^{她认为现在下确切的结论还为时过早。}
• He exulted too soon. ^{他高兴得太早了。}
• It's too soon to give a definite answer. ^{现在给予明确答复还为时尚早。}

nuisance ^{n. a thing, person or situation that is annoying or causes trouble or problems 令人讨厌的人或事}

• I don't want to be a nuisance so tell me if you want to be alone.
• He could be a bit of a nuisance when he was drunk. ^{他喝醉时会是一个有点令人讨厌的人。}
• Sorry to be a nuisance. ^{对不起，麻烦一下。}

Some friends of my family had this irritating habit.

irritating = annoying ^{adj.令人恼火的，令人烦躁的}

• You must have found my attitude annoying.  ^{你一定觉得我的态度让人烦。}
• They also have the irritating habit of interrupting. ^{他们也有打断别人这个令人恼火的习惯。}
• She had an irritating habit of repeating everything I said to her. ^{她有个令人恼火的毛病，就是把我对她说的每一件事都告诉别人。}

The only thing to do was ask them to come half an hour later than the other guests.

动词不定式做表语时 ^{若前面出现了实义动词 “do”，则常去掉 “to”} 

• All I have to do is （to）dream.
• The best thing you can do now is （to）write her an apology.
•  All I wanted was to help him.
• The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas—legends handed down from one generation of story-tellers to another.

语法：动词不定式做“except / but”的宾语时, 表示“除了…之外”，若前面出现了实义动词 “do”, 则常去掉“to” 

If you are catching a train, it is always better to be comfortably early than even a fraction of a minute too late.

catch a train / bus / plane ^赶车

• I must dash to catch a train. ^{我必须去赶火车。}
• I have to catch a train in 20 minutes! ^{我得在二十分钟内赶上火车！}
• We'll hurry and catch a bus. ^{我们要赶快去赶公共汽车。}
• I had to catch a plane up to Atlanta that next day. ^{第二天我就得赶飞机前往亚特兰大。}

a fraction of a second / a minute / an inch … ^{（强调时间或距离特别短）不到一秒钟 / 一分钟 / 一英寸}

• She hesitated for a fraction of a second before answering. 
• The car stopped within a fraction of an inch of the wall.
• Their economy is still a fraction of ours. 他们的经济仍然是我们的一部分。
• A second-hand car costs a fraction of a new one. ^{二手车的花费只是新车的零头。}

Although being early may mean wasting a little time, this will be less than if you miss the train and have to wait an hour or more for the next one; and you avoid the frustration of arriving at the very moment when the train is drawing out of the station and being unable to get on it.

条件状语从句中的省略

Although being early may mean wasting a little time, this will be less than (it will be) if you miss the train and have to wait an hour or more for the next one; … ^课文补全

• He's never more annoying than when he's trying to help. → He's never more annoying than (he is) when he's trying to help.
• Sometimes patients are more depressed six months later than when they first hear the bad news.  → Sometimes patients are more depressed six months later than (they are) when they first hear the bad news.

pull / draw out of the station ^车出站

• The train pulled out of the station right on time, leaving the platform empty. ^{火车准时离站，月台顿时空无一人。}
• As the bus slowly pulled out of the station, the passengers settled into their seats. ^{随着公交车缓缓驶离车站，乘客们都坐定了。}
• The old steam engine drew out of the station with a loud whistle, marking the start of the journey. ^{老式蒸汽机车发出一声响亮的汽笛声，缓缓驶出车站，标志着旅程的开始。}
• We watched as the train drew out of the station, disappearing into the distance. ^{我们看着火车驶出车站，渐渐消失在远方。}
• Just as we arrived, the last train was pulling out of the station, so we had to wait for the next one. ^{我们刚到时，最后一班火车正在驶离车站，所以我们只能等下一班。}

An even harder situation is to be on the platform in good time for a train and still to see it go off without you.

in good time (for sth.) ^{(UK) 早早就…}

• There wasn’t much traffic so we got there in good time. 
• He arrived in good time for dinner.
• I want to have everything ready in good time. ^{我要求一切都得准时备妥。}
• The accountant checked this unnecessary spending in good time. ^{会计及时卡住了这笔不必要的开支。}

Such an experience befell a certain young girl the first time she was travelling alone.

befall ^{(befell befallen)} = overtake / happen to ^{不幸的事降临到…}

• A great misfortune befell him.
• We know instinctively, just as beekeepers with their bees, that misfortune might overtake us if the important events of our lives were not related to it.
• The lucky moment could happen to anyone. ^{幸运的时刻可能发生在任何人身上。}

She entered the station 20 minutes before the train was due, since her parents had impressed upon her that it would be unforgivable to miss it and cause the friends with whom she was going to stay to make two journeys to meet her.

due  ^{adj. 含义1：到期的, 到时间的}

• When is your baby due? 
• The train is due (in) at 8:00.

due ^{adj. 含义2：适当的}

•  In due course the baby was born. ^{婴儿如期降生了。}
• After due consideration it was decided to send him away to live with foster parents. ^{经过充分考虑，决定将他送去与养父母生活。}

考研英语：While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers. ^英译汉

impress sth. on / upon sb. ^{让某人铭记某事}

• Father impressed on me the importance of hard work.
•  I had always impressed upon the children that if they worked hard they would succeed in life. ^{我过去总是让孩子们明白，生活中如果他们努力就会成功。}
• But this change has not yet impressed itself on the minds of the public. ^{但是这种变化仍没有使公众对此铭记在心。}

cause sb. to do ^{使得某人做某事}

• Losing a game would cause him to fly into a rage. ^{输掉比赛会使他大发雷霆。}
• Nothing can cause him to change his mind. ^{什么也不能使他改变主意。}
• You see I faith would cause her to let go and let God. ^{你知道信仰会使人放手，让上帝来接手。}

She felt in her handbag for the piece of paper on which her father had written down all the details of the journey and gave it to the porter.

feel for … ^摸着找…

• She felt in her bag for a pencil.
• I felt for the switch on the wall and turned it on.
• I felt for my wallet and papers in my inside pocket. ^{我在里面的口袋里摸索着找钱包和证件。}

He agreed that a train did come into the station at the time on the paper and that it did stop, but only to take on mail, not passengers.

take on ... ^{上（货/乘客等）}

• The bus stopped to take on more passengers. 
• The ship took on more fuel here.
• This is a brief stop to take on passengers and water. ^{这是一次短暂的停车以上客和装水。}

The girl asked to see a timetable, feeling sure that her father could not have made such a mistake.

timetable / schedule ^{时刻表、日程表}

• I can't arrange everything around your timetable! ^{我不可能事事都按着你的时刻表安排！}
• A bus driver needs a bus and timetable. ^{汽车司机需要汽车和时刻表。}
• We seem to have slipped behind schedule. ^{我们好像已经赶不上日程安排了。}
• I needed to accommodate to the new schedule. ^{我需要适应新的时间表。}

The porter went to fetch one and arrived back with the station master, who produced it with a flourish and pointed out a microscopic 'o' beside the time of the arrival of the train at his station; this little 'o' indicated that the train only stopped for mail.

do sth. with a flourish ^{为了引起注意而用较大的动作自信地/潇洒地做某事}

• The waiter handed me the menu with a flourish.
• The season ended with a flourish for Owen, when he scored in the final minute of the match. ^{欧文以一个惊人之举结束了这个赛季：他在比赛最后一分钟进了球。}
• She waved to us with a flourish. ^{她拐弯时向我挥了挥手。}

The girl, tears streaming down her face, begged to be allowed to slip into the guard's van.

But the station master was adamant: rules could not be broken. 

break / violate rules ^打破规则

• Can they be allowed to violate rules and regulations at will? ^{难道能容许他们随心所欲地破坏规章制度吗？}
• To violate rules deliberately, as in a game. ^{作弊，犯规：故意违反规定，如在游戏中。}
• Some companies have vowed strict action against those who violate rules. ^{一些公司已经下定决心严惩违规员工。}
• When is it justified to break rules ? ^{什么时候破坏规则是正当的？}
• If you break rules again, you shall be punished. ^{如果你再次违反规则，你将会受到惩罚。}
• He has his own rules and don't allow any one to break rules. ^{他有自己的规则，不容许任何人以打破规则。}

And she had to watch that train disappear towards her destination while she was left behind.

leave sb. / sth. ↔ behind ^{留下（不带走）}

• Don’t leave me behind!
• She decided to leave her old job behind and start a new career. ^{她决定离开旧工作，开始新的职业生涯。}

截止到《新三》笔记完成，笔记统计出的单词量约 8000 个左右 * 完整掌握笔记内容后，通过单词测试软件测出词汇量约 6000+ ^{(你做到了吗？)}

接下来应该做什么？

整理完成《三册》笔记后，我也很迷茫接下来应该做什么，肯定很多人会说，直接学《四册》啊，但真正走到这里的同学可以回想一下，我们正常的学习进度后，真的完全掌握了《三册》吗？如果没有，那么请接下来看看我做了什么。

在整理完成本册的笔记后，我花了几个月时间（拖延症）把《二册》的笔记也完善了一下，重新熟悉了语法、单词、结构等，然后我又回来把《三册》重新再学习了一遍，这时才发现，是如此的清晰。与此同时，为了口语和听力的进步，我又增加了《走遍美国》系列同步学习，下面是我的时间线参考：

• 2024年12月：完成了《三册》的笔记。
• 2024年12月~2025年2月：重新整理了《二册》的笔记与单词，增加了《走遍美国》系列的学习。
• 2025年3月~2025年5月：熟读《二册》、《三册》的课文，整理修复笔记中的错误。
• 2025年9月~ 2026年2月: 学习并整理《四册》的笔记（笔记难度较高，有点懈怠学习，导致时间被拉长）。