Lesson 25 Non-auditory effects of noise噪音的非听觉效应并列句 结果状语从句

Many people in industry and the Services, who have practical experience of noise, regard any investigation of this question as a waste of time; they are not prepared even to admit the possibility that noise affects people.

The service ^{n. (plural noun) the army, navy and/or air force}

• a career in the services ^军旅生涯
• Her son is in the Services.
• Maybe you should join the services.

service ^{department of people employed by the government or a public organization 政府部门}

• the Civil Service ^{政府的行政部门}
• the Diplomatic Service ^外交部门
• the National Health Service ^{国民保健部门}
• This modern faith in medicines is proved by the fact that the annual drug bill of the Health Services is mounting to astronomical figures and shows no signs at present of ceasing to rise.

a waste of ^…的浪费

• Being unemployed is such a waste of your talents. ^{失业真是浪费了你的才能。}
• Many believe that state aid is a waste of taxpayers' money. ^{许多人认为国家资助是浪费纳税人的钱。}
• What a waste of all that good work! ^{那些努力工作白费了，真是可惜！}

be prepared / ready to do sth. ^{乐意去做…}

• Why people are prepared to tolerate a four hour journey each day for the dubious privilege of living in the country is beyond me.
• Relatively few people are prepared to sacrifice up to a third of their holidays for the pleasure of travelling on a ship.
• …and the doctor in charge of the department is only too ready to provide them with these requirements. 

Many people regard any investigation of GM foods as a waste of time; they are not prepared to admit the possibility that GM foods affects people. ^{很多人把调查转基因食品看作是浪费时间，他们甚至不愿意承认转基因食品可能对人有影响。}

On the other hand, those who dislike noise will sometimes use most inadequate evidence to support their pleas for a quieter society.

on the one hand ... on the other (hand) ...  ^{(used to indicate contrasting points of view, opinions, etc 用以引导出相互矛盾的观点、意见等) 一方面...，另一方面...}

• I'd like to eat out, but on the other hand I should be trying to save money. ^{我想出去吃饭，但另一方面我应该省点钱。}
• Even really honest people are often made to feel guilty. The hardened professional smuggler, on the other hand, is never troubled by such feelings, even if he has five hundred gold watches hidden in his suitcase.
• On the other hand, your stomach would turn at the idea of frying potatoes in animal fat — the normally accepted practice in many northern countries.

On the other hand, those who dislike GM foods will sometimes use most inadequate evidence to support their pleas for a diet without them. ^{另一方面，那些不喜欢转基因食品的人有时会使用极其不充分的证据来支持他们对没有这种东西的日常饮食的需求。}

This is a pity, because noise abatement really is a good cause, and it is likely to be discredited if it gets to be associated with bad science.

cause ^{理由(reason [C]&[U]) / 事业 (mission [C])}

• One would expect them to know their parts by heart and never have cause to falter. ^{[U] reason}
• Our vicar is always raising money for one cause or another, but he has never managed to get enough money to have the church clock repaired.^{[C] reason}
• Her life was devoted to the cause of justice. ^{她一生致力于正义事业。[C] mission}

discredit ^{to cause people to stop respecting someone or believing in an idea or person 怀疑，质疑;使失去信任}

• Evidence of links with drug dealers has discredited the President. ^{与毒贩有关的证据使总统名誉扫地。}
• Some of Freud's theories have now been discredited. ^{弗洛伊德的一些理论现在已经被质疑了。}

get to do sth. ^有机会…

• We got to meet all the stars after the show. ^{演出结束后我们有机会见到了所有明星。}
• She gets to travel all over the place with her job. ^{她的工作让她有机会到处旅行。}

get to like .. ^{渐渐开始…}

• It'll take a while for you to get to know everyone. ^{你要花点时间才能了解每个人。}
• After a while, I got to like him. ^{过了一阵子，我开始喜欢上他了。}
• The more I get to know him, the more I get to like him. ^{我越了解他，就越开始喜欢他。}
• I didn't enjoy the city at first, but I've get to like it now. ^{起初我不喜欢这座城市，但现在我开始喜欢它了。}

The development of GM foods really is a good cause, but it is likely to be discredited if it gets to be associated with bad science. ^{发展转基因食品确实是个好事业，但如果它与拙劣的科学联系在一起，很可能会被质疑。}

One allegation often made is that noise produces mental illness.

produce ^{v.to cause a particular result or effect 引起，产生，导致}

• a rise in sea-level produced by climatic change
• As a policy, it did not produce the desired effect.
• This medicine may produce side effects in rare cases.

One allegation often made is that GM foods produce potential risks. ^{常见的一种指责是，转基因食品能引起潜在的风险。}

A recent article in a weekly newspaper, for instance, was headed with a striking illustration of a lady in a state of considerable distress, with the caption 'She was yet another victim, reduced to a screaming wreck'.

head ^{v.if a page is headed with a particular name, title, image etc, it has it on the top 加标题}

• The page was headed 'Expenses'.
• The information sheet was headed Medical Insurance.
• The document was headed 'Confidential'.

striking ^{adj.unusual or interesting enough to be easily noticed 醒目的， 引人注意的}

• She bears a striking resemblance to her sister.
• His eyes were a striking shade of green.
• The ad featured a striking red banner.

illustration ^{n.a picture in a book, article etc, especially one that helps you to understand it （书或文章中的）插图}

• This children's book has beautiful illustrations.
• The illustration shows a section through a leaf. ^{图中所示为叶的剖面。}
• We experimented with type, with illustration and with photos. ^{我们尝试了字体、插图和照片。}

in a state of ^{处于...状态}

• He was in a state of panic after the accident / permanent depression.
• Without it, nothing could ever be brought to a conclusion; everything would be in a state of chaos.
• The economy is in a state of  transition.
• The classroom was in a state of chaos.

caption ^{n.words printed above or below a picture in a book or newspaper or on a television screen to explain what the picture is showing 插图的文字说明}

• The cartoon has a humorous caption below it.
• Each image is accompanied by a brief caption. ^图注
• Read the caption ^说明文字 to understand the picture better.

As vividly depicted in the cartoon, two single-legged men, with their leg stumps bound together and arms tightly holding each other’s shoulders, stride ahead briskly like normal people!
Their four crutches are left behind, each of them supported by the other three into the shape of a pyramid, symbolizing their owners’ cooperation.
The caption below says ‘You have one leg left and so do I; support each other and we stride!’ ^{你一条腿，我一条腿；你我一起，走南闯北~}

yet / still  (another / one more…) ^{又一个、再一个}

• This is yet another  problem to consider.
• She asked still another question.
• He sent yet another fax informing the journalist that if he did not reply soon he would be fired.
• This led to yet another angry argument.
• To such motives, yet another must be added.
• They made yet another attempt to negotiate.
• The teacher gave still another example to explain the rule. ^{老师又举了一个例子来解释这条规则。}

reduce sb. to sth. ^{to force sb./sth. into a particular state or condition, usually a worse one 使…陷入（更糟的状态）}

• A beautiful building was reduced to rubble.
• They were reduced to begging in the streets.
• The war reduced the city to ruins. 
• As if this were not enough to reduce you to tears, your husband arrives, unexpectedly bringing three guests to dinner.
• He was reduced to tears by the sad story.
• The illness reduced her to a shadow of her former self.

wreck ^{n.a vehicle or ship that has been destroyed or badly damaged严重损毁的交通工具，残骸}

• The collision reduced the car to a useless wreck.
• The captain of the Elkor ordered his men to salvage as much as possible from the wreck.
• The crash left the car a complete wreck.

On turning eagerly to the text, one learns that the lady was a typist who found the sound of office typewriters worried her more and more until eventually she had to go into a mental hospital.

on / upon ^{(fml.)as soon as sb. has done sth. or as soon as sth. has happened 当…时，一…就…}

• All patients are examined on admission to the hospital.
• Couples are presented with a bottle of wine upon their arrival at the hotel. 
• What was your reaction on seeing him?
• On entering the room, he saw her crying. ^{一进入到房间}
• Upon arrival, they were welcomed warmly. ^{一到达就...}
• He changed his mind on hearing the news. ^{一听到...就...}

worry sb. ^{使某人担忧(使役动词)}

• I didn't tell Mum and Dad ― I didn't want to make them worried. ^不地道  ⇒ I didn't tell Mum and Dad ― I didn't want to worry them. 
• Peter made me deeply disappointed. ^{语法正确的烂句子} ⇒ Peter deeply disappointed me.
• The noise worried the children. ^使...担心
• I often fish for hours without catching anything. But this does not worry me. ^{不使我担忧}
• The delay worried her parents a lot.
• Financial troubles worried him deeply.

mental hospital ^精神病院

• He was treated in a mental hospital for several months.
• She worked as a nurse at a mental hospital.
• The mental hospital is located on the outskirts of town.

Now the snag in this sort of anecdote is of course that one cannot distinguish cause and effect.

snag ^{n.a problem or difficulty, esp. one that is small, hidden or unexpected 小的问题、困难或障碍}

• There is just one small snag: where is the money coming from?
• Let me know if you run into any snags.
• There's a snag in the plan we didn't foresee.
• They ran into a snag ^困难 during construction.
• The deal hit a snag ^障碍 at the last minute.

anecdote ^{n.short, interesting or amusing story about a real person or event 轶事, 逸闻}

• amusing anecdotes about his brief career as an actor
• He told an amusing anecdote ^趣事 about his trip.
• The book is full of interesting anecdotes. ^轶事
• The speaker began with a short anecdote ^小故事 to engage the audience.

distinguish / differentiate / discriminate ^v.分辨

• It is sometimes difficult to distinguish between fact and fiction. ^{有时很难分辨事实与虚构。}
• He could no longer distinguish between illusion and reality. ^{他再也分不清幻想与现实之间的区别了。}
• They can distinguish a happy tune from a sad one. ^{他们能分辨出曲调是快乐还是悲伤的。}

cause and effect ^{因果(固定搭配)}

• In mental illness, there is a complex relationship between cause and effect.
• However, those correlations don't prove cause and effect. ^{然而，这些相关性并不能证明因果关系。}
• Does the study mean that cats will soon grasp the ins and outs of cause and effect? ^{这项研究是否意味着猫很快就能掌握因果关系的详情？}

Was the noise a cause of the illness, or were the complaints about noise merely a symptom?

cause of … ^…的原因

• But I was extremely pleased with myself I had traced the cause of the trouble.
•  

merely a … = a mere … ^仅仅

• … were the complaints about noise merely a symptom? = … were the complaints about noise a mere symptom?
• Glancing at his map, he informed us that the next village was a mere twenty miles away.
• But this is not a business that can be undertaken in a day or swiftly improvised by a mere command of the will.

Another patient might equally well complain that her neighbours were combining to slander her and persecute her, and yet one might be cautious about believing this statement.

may / might / could + well …  ^{used to say that sth. is likely to happen or is likely to be true （某事）可能（发生或是真的）}

• What you say may well be true.
• You could try the drugstore, but it might well be closed by now.

combine ^{v. to act together 合作，共同作用}

• Let the tea set and tea combine perfectly. ^{让茶具与茶完美结合。}
• They combine with dust particles from the comet to form a huge cloud. ^{它们与来自彗星的尘埃颗粒结合在一起，形成了巨大的云团。}
• The cable car and toboggan nicely combine natural beauty and man-made scenery. ^{缆车和雪橇将自然美景和人工景色完美地结合起来。}

yet ^{conj. /adv.}

• Kelly was a convicted criminal, yet^(conj.) many people admired him. It is strange, and yet it is true.
• The essay is good, yet^(conj.) it could be improved. 
• It is strange, and yet ^(adv.) it is true.
• Though he is poor, yet ^(adv.) he is satisfied with his situation.
• I agree with you, but yet ^(adv.) I cannot consent.

cautious ^{adj.谨慎的}

• She has grounds for cautious optimism. ^{她有理由可以持谨慎的乐观态度。}
• Cautious optimism in the fight against malaria. ^{持谨慎乐观的态度抗击疟疾。}
• The overall mood is one of cautious optimism. ^{从总体上看，可以持谨慎乐观的态度。}

What is needed in the case of noise is a study of large numbers of people living under noisy conditions, to discover whether they are mentally ill more often than other people are. 

in the case of ^{with reference to, or in the situation of 对于，关于；在……情况下}

• The law will apply equally to men and women except in the case of maternity leave.
• The amount of fruit in fruit juices must be 6% in the case of berries and 10% in the case of other fruits.

study of ^{对于…的研究}

• a study of Australian wild birds
• a center for the study of Asian languages
• We conducted a study of consumer behavior in rural areas.

conditions ^{n. [pl.] circumstances 环境，情况(under ... conditions 在…环境中)}

• Under existing conditions, the plan cannot succeed.
• Firemen have to operate under very difficult conditions. ^{在非常艰苦的环境中}
• The soldiers survived under harsh conditions. ^{在恶劣的环境中}

Some time ago the United States Navy, for instance, examined a very large number of men working on aircraft carriers: the study was known as Project Anehin.

Some time ago ^前不久

• Some time ago, an interesting discovery was made by archaeologists on the Aegean island of Kea. ^前不久
• Some time ago, I received a letter from an old friend. ^前不久
• We had a similar conversation some time ago. ^前不久
• When a light passenger plane flew off course some time ago, it crashed in the mountains and its pilot was killed.

aircraft carrier ^{n. a type of ship that planes can fly from and land on 航空母舰}

• He served on an aircraft carrier during the war.
• The aircraft carrier launched several jets during the exercise.
• An aircraft carrier can carry dozens of planes.

It can be unpleasant to live even several miles from an aerodrome; if you think what it must be like to share the deck of a ship with several squadrons of jet aircraft, you will realize that a modern navy is a good place to study noise.

aerodrome ^{n.a place that small planes fly from 小飞机场}

• The small plane landed safely at the aerodrome. ^小飞机场
• There is an aerodrome just outside the town.
• The pilot trained at a local aerodrome. ^小型机场

squadron ^{n.a unit of one of the armed forces, especially the air force or the navy 空军或海军中队}

• A squadron of jets flew overhead.
• The navy deployed a squadron for the mission.
• He commands a squadron in the air force.

jet aircraft / jet ^{n.aircraft powered by a jet engine 喷气式飞机}

• Jet aircraft are faster than propeller planes.
• They heard the roar of a jet aircraft overhead.
• The military uses many jet aircraft.

But neither psychiatric interviews nor objective tests were able to show any effects upon these American sailors.

neither ... nor ^{既不…也不…}

• Neither the manager nor the workers knew what to do.
• Neither John nor Mary was present at the meeting. 
• She could neither read nor write at that time. 

This result merely confirms earlier American and British studies: if there is any effect of noise upon mental health, it must be so small that present methods of psychiatric diagnosis cannot find it.

if ^{if + 从句不一定是条件，也有可能是让步（if = even if  即使），要根据上下文判断。}

• But the first people who were like ourselves lived so long ago that even their sagas, if they had any, are forgotten.
• God’s reasons, if He has any, are opaque to us.
• If he has any reasons, they are unknown to us.
• His descendants, if any, never left the island.

If there is any effect of GM foods upon human health, it must be so small that present methods of medical diagnosis cannot find it. ^{即使转基因食品对于人体健康有影响，也一定是微乎其微，以至于目前的医学诊断方法无法发现。}

• His descendants, if any, never left the island.
• He is seldom, if ever, absent from work.

There is every likelihood that the costs of the monitoring system, such as the purchase, maintenance and updates of software, employment of extra personnel in charge of it, will offset or even outweigh additional revenue, if there is any. ^{Gre写作范文}

if = although perhaps ^{尽管可能…}

• Donald's essays are always interesting, if sometimes poorly written. 
• She understood his meaning, if not his words, and took his advice.

That does not prove that it does not exist; but it does mean that noise is less dangerous than, say, being brought up in an orphanage -- which really is a mental health hazard.

say ^{比方说（插入语）}

• No matter where you live, you would find it difficult not to laugh at, say, Charlie Chaplin's early films. ^比方说
• The Americans would hammer out different pacts covering, say, electronic goods and drug manufacturing. ^比方说
• You could invest in, say, a small restaurant or shop. ^比方说

bring up sb. ^{抚养长大;把某人抚养成人}

• Whether we find a joke funny or not largely depends on where we have been brought up.
• He did not marry again and I was brought up without a woman's care; but I lacked for nothing, for he was both father and mother to me.
• He was brought up without a mother.
• We were brought up to be respectful to others.
• She was brought up in a small village.

hazard ^{隐患，危险}

• The busy traffic entrance is / presents / poses / constitutes a hazard to pedestrians.
• Our knowledge of the oceans a hundred years ago was confined to the two-dimensional shape of the sea surface and the hazards of navigation presented by the irregularities in depth of the shallow water close to the land.
• Smoking is a major health hazard. ^健康隐患
• Polluted water poses a hazard to marine life.
• That abandoned building is a safety hazard. ^安全隐患