Lesson 22 By heart熟记台词独立主格

learn / know sth. by heart ^{固定搭配（简略成by heart）}

• bear / keep sth. in mind ^记住某事
• make a mental note ^{记住要做某事：试图记住要做某事。}
• remember / recall / recollect sth. ^{记起/回忆起某事}
• remind sb. of sth. ^{使某人想起某事物或某人}
• bring back memories ^勾起回忆

Richard, these are terrific pictures. This one really brings back memories.

in retrospect ^{回顾；回顾往事（写作）；检讨过去}

• In retrospect, I think my marriage was doomed from the beginning.

... to remember ^难忘的

• a day to remember

Gandalf, my old friend ... this will be a night to remember.

ring a bell ^{听起来熟悉：似乎至少有点熟悉。、唤起记忆：激发先前被遗忘的记忆。}

• Does this name ring a bell?^{这个名字是否让你想起点什么？}

have a short memory ^{记性不好：指一个人容易忘记事情，尤其是对过去的事情记忆模糊。}

• I have a short memory, she says. ^{她说：我的记忆力不好。}

Some plays are so successful that they run for years on end.

run ^{v.刊登，播放、连续上映}

• The movie has been running for 2 months.
• The movie has ended its run. ^{n.连续上演（或放映）}

In many ways, this is unfortunate for the poor actors who are required to go on repeating the same lines night after night.

go on doing = keep (on) doing ^{不停的做某事}

• Please go on doing the same exercise. 请接着做同一个练习。
• I'm very sorry to keep you waiting. ^{对不起，让你久等了。}

One would expect them to know their parts by heart and never have cause to falter.

know / learn sth. by heart ^{熟记于心（点题）}

• learn sth. ^{背诵、记住（learn the contents of the letter by heart）}

cause to falter ^{支支唔唔、结结巴巴的理由}

• cause to rejoice ^{欢舞、快乐的理由}
• a cause to believing that ... ^{相信的理由}
• cause to worry ^{担心的理由} 

Yet this is not always the case.

the case ^{本句表 a true situation 实情}

• This is indeed the case. ^{这确定是实情}
• This is not the case at all. ^{事实并非如此（这根本不是实情）}
• This might not be the case. ^{但事实可能并非如此（这可能不是实情）}
• This is not necessarily the case.^{事实并非如此（这不一定是实情哦）}

A famous actor in a highly successful play was once cast in the role of an aristocrat who had been imprisoned in the Bastille for twenty years.

highly successful ^{非常成功的(高度成功，比very successful 更高级、书面)}

• Meanwhile, he founded a highly successful Academy and even Lord Byron became one of his pupils.

... was once cast as an aristocrat ^{曾经扮演过贵族（被动替换）}

• ... once performed / played / acted (the role / part of) an aristocrat ^{替换（主动）}

had been incarcerated ^被监禁

• had been jailed / gaoled ^{使入狱（被动）}
• had been locked up ^{被关了起来}
• had been sent to prison ^{瞬间动词，不能跟持续时间}
• had been put in prison ^{后面不可用for + 时间}

In the last act, a gaoler would always come on to the stage with a letter which he would hand to the prisoner.

come on ^{登台（去到...的上面）}

• There was great applause when the Russian ballerina came on.

appear ^{v.出现（在舞台）}

• Just then, the gaoler appeared with the precious letter in his bands.
• In spite of this, she often appears on the stage as a young girl.

a letter which he would hand to the prisoner. ^{书面（伪装成定语从句的延续性从句）}

• ... with a letter and he would hand it to the prisoner. ^啰嗦
• ... with a letter to hand to the prisoner. ^{简洁（口语、独立主格结构）}

Even though the noble was expected to read the letter at each performance, he always insisted that it should be written out in full.

be expected to do ^{（习语）应该}

• be supposed to do ^替换
• should do ^同义 

insist on ... ^{接名词、短语}

• ..., he always insisted on its being written out in full. ^本句替换

One night, the gaoler decided to play a joke on his colleague to find out if, after so many performances, he had managed to learn the contents of the letter by heart.

play a joke on sb. ^{给某人开玩笑（拿某人寻开心）}

• He added that a student had dressed up as a policeman and was playing all sorts of silly jokes on people.

play a trick on sb. ^{给某人开玩笑（替换）}

• He played a trick on his wife, but she beat him up.

kid (sb.) / joke ^{戏弄(某人)/开玩笑}

• Are you kidding (me)?
• Are you joking? ^{vi. 不能加me}

have a joke with sb. ^{与某人分享笑话（给某人讲个笑话）}

• I've just had a joke with the manager.

make fun of sb. ^{拿某人寻开心（戏弄）}

• The other children were always making fun of him because he was fat.

make a fool of sb.  ^{让某人出丑（愚弄）}

• I suddenly realized that I was being made a fool of.

play the fool (with sb.) ^{扮演傻瓜逗某人乐}

• Stop playing the fool (with me). You'll fall!

The curtain went up on the final act of the play and revealed the aristocrat sitting alone behind bars in his dark cell.

the curtain goes up / rises ^幕布升起

• the curtain comes down / falls ^{幕布落下了}

on the final act ^{时间状语（在最后一幕开始的时间）}

• in the last act ^{时间状语（在最后一幕的过程中）}

all (alone / on one's own / by oneself) ^{单独的、独自的}

• She was sitting alone on a park bench.
• I don't like walking home on my own at night.
• Do you share the apartment or do you live by yourself?
• Wendy was frightened, all alone in that big old house. ^{完全是独自一人}

oneself ^{亲自做...(无by的情况)}

• Then I added with a smile,' It's a strange mixture I make myself.'
• Well, I'll have tea by myself. ^独自一人
• Lesson 46 Do it yourself ^DIY
• I would not hear of the suggestion and said that I would fix it myself. ^NCE3-46

lonely / lonesome ^{孤独的、寂寞的}

• lonely hearts ad ^征婚广告
• Are you lonesome tonight? Do you miss me tonight? Are you sorry we drifted apart?

Just then, the gaoler appeared with the precious letter in his hands.

He entered the cell and presented the letter to the aristocrat.

present sth. to sb. ^{呈递（庄重的、带有仪式感的）给某人}

• present sb. with sth. ^{倒过来说（看名词长短）}
• When Dickie was given the watch, he presented the assistant with the cloth bag.
• He entered the cell and presented the aristocrat with the letter. ^替换

But the copy he gave him had not been written out in full as usual. 

It was simply a blank sheet of paper.

a sheet of paper ^{长方格固定规格的纸（A4、B5）}

• a piece of paper ^{随便一张纸（没有规格）}

The gaoler looked on eagerly, anxious to see if his fellow actor had at last learnt his lines.

look on ^{vi.旁观（不参与）}

• stand by ^站在旁边
• Only one man tried to help us, the rest just looked on / stood by in silence.

onlooker / bystander ^{旁观者 / 看热闹的人}

• An onlooker is someone who watches an event take place but does not take part in it. ^旁观者
• A bystander is a person who is present when something happens and who sees it but does not take part in it. ^旁观者

形容词做原因状语^{（省略being）}

• Ashamed of having acted so rashly, Dimitri apologized to Aleko for having accused him.
• Tired of sleeping on the floor, a young man in Tehran saved up for years to buy a real bed.
• be anxious / eager / impatient / itching / desperate / dying to do...
• can't wait to do ... ^{等不急要做}

learn / know sth. by heart

• learn sth.
• know their parts by heart
• learn the contents of the letter by heart
• learn his lines

Then, squinting his eyes, he said: 'The light is dim. Read the letter to me.' And he promptly handed the sheet of paper to the gaoler.

read sth. to sb. = read sb. sth. ^读给...

• Read me the letter.

Then, he squinted his eyes and said: 'the light is dim. Read the letter to me.' ^{中文习惯（眯眼和说一样重要）}

• 汉语：parataxis 平行语，连动句，没有轻重之别。 
• 英语：hypotaxis 层次语，突出中心动词，次要动词状语化。

Finding that he could not remember a word of the letter either, the gaoler replied: 'The light is indeed dim, sire. I must get my glasses.' With this, he hurried off the stage.

• He looked at his watch and saw that it was one o'clock, but the bell struck thirteen times and then it stopped. ^中文思维
• Looking at his watch, he saw that it was one o'clock, but the bell struck thirteen times before it stopped.

With this ^随着...

• with the coming of spring ^{随着春天的到来}
• with the approach of Christmas ^{随着圣诞节的临近}
• with the outbreak of war ^{随着战争的爆发}
• with the progress of science ^{随着科学的发展}
• with the evidence began to accumulate ^{with 介词后只能跟名词不能跟句子}
• However, as the evidence began to accumulate, experts from the zoo felt obliged to investigate, ... ^{AS 连词（随着）}

Much to the aristocrat's amusement, the gaoler returned a few moments later with a pair of glasses and the usual copy of the letter which he proceeded to read to the prisoner.

to one's ... ^{使某人⋯的是}

• to one's amusement
• to one's surprise
• to one's delight
• to one's excitement
• to one's dismay
• to one's sorrow

并列句 → 定语从句

• ...and,he proceeded to read it to the prisoner. →  the letter which he proceeded to read to the prisoner.
• He violently beat the boy and the boy later died from his injuries. → He violently beat the boy who later died from his injuries.
• Ha said he had lost his watch, but it was not true. → Ha said he had lost his watch, which was not true.