Lesson 1 Finding fossil man发现化石人定语从句 状语从句

Finding fossil man ^{发现远古人类}

英语的标题通常不会用完整的句子，尽量追去简洁，一般使用音节比较少的词，避免使用大词，使用简洁且能鲜明的表达中心思想为宜。

find = discover

• discover fossil man、ancient man、 prehistoric man 

标题词常用简洁的单词^{(拼写与发音更容易的)}

• encourage → spur
• prohibit / forbid → ban 
• compete → vie 
• nominate → name

alliteration ^{头韵(叮当、咔嚓、哗啦、呱唧...)}

• Spare that spider
• Matterhorn man
• The sporting spirit
• Pride and Prejudice ^{(傲慢与偏见)}
• Prince and Pauper ^{(王子与乞丐)}
• World Wide Watch ^{(世界观察)}
• A Delicious Dish A Day ^{（甜甜饮食）}
• Beauty and Beast ^{（美女与野兽）}
• WWW = The World Wide Web

 We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write.

read of ^读到

• I had read of such hideous incarnate demons. ^{我读过关于这类可怕的化身鬼怪的书。}
• I read of the traffic accident in yesterday's paper.^{我在昨天的报纸上知道了这起交通事故。}
• Ye are our epistle written in our hearts, known and read of all men. ^{你们就是我们的荐信，写在我们心里，被众人所知道所念诵的。}

of … ^{关于（相当于about）}

• This book is of great importance to scholars. ^{这本书对学者来说具有重要意义。}
• It is a subject of study by many forgers. ^{这是许多伪造者研究的课题。}
• The pursuit of sport is for national pride. ^{对体育的追求关系到国家荣誉。}

英语语序

• I saw him at the party yesterday. ^{事件+地点+时间}

• Several cases have been reported in Russia recently of people who can read and detect colors with their fingers, and even see through solid doors and walls.^{（Several cases of people）}
• He maybe conceited, ill-mannered, presumptuous or fatuous, but I do not turn for protection to dreary clichés about respect of elders — as if mere age were a reason for respect.
• Among them will be Debbie's mother, who swam the Channel herself when she was a girl.
• If we glimpse the unutterable, it is unwise to try to utter it, nor should we seek to invest with significance that which we cannot grasp. ^{(invest A with B)}

考研英语^{（英译汉）}

What is an intellectual?  I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic way about moral problems. 

As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership.

the Near East  ^近东

定语从句充当原因状语^{(下面都是不够简洁改变了原句语法的句子)}

• We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, because people first learned to write there.
• We endeavour to avoid the old, romantic idea of a gusher, because it wastes oil and gas.
• The small ship, Elkor, after she had been searching the Barents Sea for weeks, was on its way home.
• Much to the aristocrat's amusement, the gaoler returned a few moments later with a pair of glasses and the usual copy of the letter and he proceeded to read it to the prisoner.

状语从句 ⇒ 定语从句练习

The past few years witnessed the great influx of migrant workers from the countryside to big cities, where they could secure decent jobs and support their families.^{原因状态从句转定语从句（where 翻译为“因为 sb. 在那里”）}

But there are some parts of the world where even now people cannot write.

there be  ^{存在某物、某人}

There is growing interest in English. ^{人们对英语越来越感兴趣。}

... there was a great deal of excitement just before it began. ^{无灵主语 / 物称主语(本站《三册》第一课重点讲解)}

People generally agree...^{（不地道表达）}→ There is general agreement that women should enjoy full equality with men. ^{人们普遍同意妇女应该享有和男人完全的平等。}

But there are some parts of China where even now people cannot satisfy their hunger.^{但是现在在中国依然有部分地区人们还吃不饱肚子。}

The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas -- legends handed down from one generation of storytellers to another.

preserve ^{保存、保护（状态）}

• The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas. 他们保存历史的唯一方法是将历史像传说一样讲述。
• The museum works diligently to preserve historical records from the Civil War era, ensuring future generations can learn from primary sources. ^{博物馆努力保存南北战争时期的历史记录，确保后代能够从原始资料中学习。}
• In rural communities, many families still preserve food through traditional methods like pickling and canning to enjoy seasonal produce year-round. ^{在农村社区，许多家庭仍然通过腌制和罐装等传统方法保存食物，以便全年享用季节性农产品。}
• Doctors recommend regular breaks from screen time to preserve one's eyesight, especially for those who work with computers all day. ^{医生建议定期从屏幕前休息以保护视力，尤其是对那些整天使用电脑工作的人。}

To do ^{做表语时, 若前面出现了实义动词 “do”，则常去掉 “to”} 

• All I have to do is （to）dream.
• The best thing you can do now is （to）write her an apology.
• All I wanted was to help him.
• The only thing to do was ask them to come half an hour later than the other guests. Then they arrived just when we wanted them.

动词不定式做“except / but”的宾语时 §  ^{表示“除了…之外”，若前面出现了实义动词 “do”, 则常去掉“to”} 

 hand sth. down ^{pass sth. from older people to younger ones  传下来}

• The recipe was handed down from an ancestor of the family. 
• This ring was handed down from my aunt.^{这只戒指是我姑母传下来的。}
• The verdict was handed down at the end of June.^{法庭裁决于六月底下来了。}
• This blood feud was handed down from generation to generation.^{这血海深仇传了一代又一代。}

xxx-teller ^讲…的人

• story-teller = tell stories ^{讲故事的人}
• fortune-teller = tell one’s fortune ^算命

These legends are useful because they can tell us something about migrations of people who lived long ago, but none could write down what they did.

Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian peoples now living in the Pacific Islands came from.

remote ancestors ^远祖

• Anthropologists studied the origins of their remote ancestors. ^{人类学家研究了他们远祖的起源。}
• The traditions were passed down from their remote ancestors. ^{这些传统是从他们的远祖那里传下来的。}
• Understanding our remote ancestors helps us understand ourselves. ^{了解我们的远祖有助于我们了解自己。}

The sagas of these people explain that some of them came from Indonesia about 2,000 years ago.

But the first people who were like ourselves lived so long ago that even their sagas, if they had any, are forgotten.

the first people who were like ourselves ^{远古人类 = fossil man（替换）}

• Scientists discovered a skull of a fossil man. ^{科学家发现了一块化石人类的头骨}
• We know little about the people who lived long ago. ^{我们对远古人类了解甚少}
• The first 'modern men' appeared in Africa. ^{最早的现代人出现在非洲}
• Some tools used by ancient men were found in the cave. ^{在洞穴中发现了一些古代人类使用的工具}

first people who were like ourselves ^定语从句 = first people like ourselves ^后置定语

• ... asked to see a dress that was in the window. = ... asked to see a dress in the window.

Your school may have done away with winners and losers, but life has not. In some schools they have abolished failing grades; they'll give you as many times as you want to get the right answer. This doesn't bear the slightest resemblance to anything in real life.

if + 从句^{（让步用法） 即使}

• God’s reasons, if He has any, are opaque to us. ^{上帝的理由，即使他有，也是难以理解的}
• There is every likelihood that the costs will outweigh revenue, if there is any. ^{成本极可能超过收入，即使收入存在}
• His descendants, if any, never left the island. ^{他的后代，即使有，也从未离开这座岛屿}
• He is seldom, if ever, absent from work.

There is every likelihood that the costs of the monitoring system, such as the purchase, maintenance and updates of software, employment of extra personnel in charge of it, will offset or even outweigh additional revenue, if there is any.

So archaeologists have neither history nor legends to help them to find out where the first "modern men" came from.

neither...nor... ^{既不…也不…}

• Neither the teacher nor the students were in the classroom. ^{老师和学生都不在教室}
• Neither the evidence nor the witnesses support his claim. ^{既没有证据也没有证人支持他的说法}
• Neither John nor Mary likes sushi. ^{约翰和玛丽都不喜欢寿司}

find out ^{查明；弄清楚}

• Scientists are working hard to find out the cause of the disease. ^{科学家正努力查明这种疾病的原因}
• She called the company to find out more information. ^{她打电话给公司了解更多信息}
• We need to find out what happened last night. ^{我们需要弄清楚昨晚发生了什么}

Fortunately, however, ancient men made tools of stone, especially flint, because this is easier to shape than other kinds.

shape ^使成形

• He shaped the clay into a vase.
• Like it or not, our experiences shape our personalities. 
• He shaped the clay into a bowl. ^{他把黏土捏成一个碗。}
• Experiences can shape a person's character. ^{经历可以塑造一个人的性格。}
• The sculptor carefully shaped the marble. ^{雕塑家仔细地塑造着大理石。}

… this is easier to shape… 形容词 + to do ^{形容词后加动词不定式作补语，用主动表被动的含义}

• He is easy to fool.
• She is extremely difficult to please.
• The machine is awkward to handle.
• The man is hard to work with.
• This book is easy to read. ^{这本书很容易读。}
• The problem is difficult to solve. ^{这个问题很难解决。}
• That song is lovely to listen to. ^{那首歌听起来很动听。}

They may also have used wood and skins, but these have rotted away.

情态动词 + have done ^{对过去肯定/否定的推测}

• He must have left already. ^{他肯定已经离开了。}
• She might have forgotten about the meeting. ^{她可能忘记了会议。}
• They couldn't have known the answer. ^{他们不可能知道答案。}

skin/hide/fur/feather ^{表达“皮”}

• fur and  feather ^{飞禽走兽（借代）}
• fin, fur and feather ^{各种各样的动物（借代）}

metonymy ^借代

• A bald slipped out of the house.
• He has been messing around with several skirts（裙子，借代女性） of his class. 
• The crown should not yield to the cross.
• The pen is mightier than the sword. ^{笔比剑更有力。（pen借代文字，sword借代武力）}
• We need more hands on deck. ^{我们需要更多的人手。（hands借代工人）}
• The White House announced a new policy. ^{白宫宣布了一项新政策。（White House借代美国政府）}

Stone does not decay, and so the tools of long ago have remained when even the bones of the men who made them have disappeared without trace.

when ^{尽管,引导让步状语:一般放在主句之后}

• He walks when he might take a taxi. 
• Why do you walk when you have a car?
• He smiled when he was feeling sad. ^{他尽管感到悲伤，还是笑了。}
• She helped others when she herself was in need. ^{她尽管自己也需要帮助，还是帮助了别人。}
• They continued to work when it started to rain. ^{尽管开始下雨，他们仍然继续工作。}

disappear / vanish without trace ^{消失得无影无踪}

• The burglar slipped out of the house and then disappeared / vanished without trace.
• The magician made the rabbit disappear without trace. ^{魔术师使兔子消失得无影无踪。}
• After the heavy fog lifted, the ship had vanished without trace. ^{大雾散去后，那艘船已经消失得无影无踪。}
• The missing documents seemed to have disappeared without trace from the office. ^{失踪的文件似乎已经从办公室消失得无影无踪。}