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一般过去时往往强调动作本身，而现在完成时则表示始于过去并持续到现在的动作或表示过去不确定 的时间发生过的并与现在有某种联系的动作。
| 时间 | 发生时间 | 用法 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 过去完成 | 过去 | 通常搭配一般过去，表过去的过去 | After I had left a small village in the south of France, I drove on to the next town. |
| 一般过去 | 描述过去已经发生过的动作 | I visited museums and sat in public gardens. | |
| 过去进行 | 描述过去的某一个时刻正在进行的动作 | They were expecting a valuable parcel of diamonds from South Africa. | |
| 过去将来 | 通常搭配一般过去时表过去的将来会预计发生的事 | She said she would have to ask her future husband. | |
| 现在完成 | 发生在过去，但对现在产生了影响。 | Mr. James Scott has just bought another garage in Pinhurst. | |
| 一般现在 | 现在 | 描述过去、现在、将来稳定的状态。 | I never get up early on Sundays. |
| 正在进行 | 当前正在发生的广义(在学英语)、狭义的动作(在吃饭)。 | She's sitting under the tree. | |
| 一般将来 | 将来 | 将来预计会发生的动作。 | We'll meet him at the harbour early in the morning. |
| 将来进行 | 将来确定要发生的动作 | Most of the young people in the town will be meeting them at the station. |
| call sb. sth. 叫某人… | be called 被称为… |
|---|---|
| aeroplane called a ‘Pilatus Porter’ 是过去分词短语,作 aeroplane 的定语。 | The instrument was called a clavichord. |
一个单独的分词作定语时则往往放在所修饰的名词/代词前面
| 过去分词(done)修饰名词做定语时是作为被动状态来翻译的。
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系动词后的 that 引出的是表语从句(连接词不可省略)。而宾语从句中的 that 可省略，定语从句中的关系词在从句中做宾语时可以省略。
| 主 | 系 | 连接词 | 表 |
|---|---|---|---|
| The happiest thing | is | that(不可省) | I can visit/see/(stay with) mother during the Spring Festival. |
| 什么(主语) | 是 | 什么事(用一句话做表语) | |
| The point | is | whether | the new plan is feasible. |
| since then + 现在完成时（强调起点） | so far = up to now + 现在完成时（强调终点） |
|---|---|
| Since then, they have been trying to find out how the fire began. | Up to now, Mr. Scott has sent a great many requests for spare parts... |
| request from sb. 来自某人的请求 | The director refused the request from the patient's family.院长拒绝了病人家属的要求。 |
|---|---|
| request for sth. 要求得到 | They rebuffed her request for help.他们拒绝了她的请求，不给她帮助。 |
| refuse to do sth. 拒绝做某事 | deny doing sth. / deny that + 从句 否认（指控、做过某事等） |
|---|---|
| I offered to pay him for his help but he refused (payment). | The secretary denies that she has stolen the letter. |
| All those not holding tickets will be refused / denied entry. 当 refuse 作为及物/不及物动词表示“拒绝接受”时，不可与 deny 混用；当 refuse 作为及物动词表示“拒绝给予、拒绝要求”时，它与 deny 可以互相替换。 | |
| very 强调程度深 | too adv. 太，过于（too 表示“太…”，以至于引起某种后果） |
|---|---|
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| bring v. 从某处将某物“带来”，离说话人越来越近 | take v. 拿走，离说话人越来越远 | fetch v. 去某地将某物“取来”，是个双程动作，去了再来(双向动作) |
|---|---|---|
| He brought the book with him when he came to see me. | He took the book with him when he left. | Please fetch me a glass of water. |
表语从句与宾语从句的关系非常的密切；它们是同一类的从句。主、宾、表、同位都属于名词性从句。它们的写法基本相同，位置不同。
定义：一个句子做表语(主系表)。
位置：主 + 系 + 表语从句
结构：系动词 + 连接词 + 句子做表语 = 表语从句 (与宾语从句类似)
名词性从句 | 主语 | 实义动词 | 连接词 | 宾语从句 | I knew that my turn had come. |
| 系动词 | 表语从句 | The car is a small toy called a ‘topcar’. | |||
| It 形式主语 | 系表/谓宾 | 主语从句 | At one point, it seemed certain that their plane would crash. | ||
| 主语 | 谓宾 | 同位语从句 | He couldn’t explain the fact that Mary’s wallet was found in his room. |
表语从句通常跟在系动词(is/am/are/was/were...)后面，主要用一句话描述、修饰主语。
| 主语 + is that/when/... 什么情况 | |
|---|---|
| 说事 | The most surprising thing is that 最(令人)惊讶的是 I haven't had any water all day. |
| The most interesting thing is that 最(令人)有趣的是 he can't sing. | |
| The most embarrassing thing is that 最(令人)尴尬的是 she forgot to cook. | |
| 建议 | His suggestion is that we should keep calm. |
| 问题 | The question is when he will arrive here. |
| up to now / up till now 截止到现在 | Up to now, Mr. Scott has sent a great many requests for spare parts... |
|---|---|
| so far 到现在 | So far, not one of them has been struck down by sudden death! |
| for + 一段时间 | He has been there for six months. |
| since＋过去的时间 | Yes, I've been here since 1976. |
| since＋过去的动作（一般过去时的句子） | The policeman on duty told him that since his defeat... |
| 原型 (Base Form) | 过去式 (Past Tense) | 过去分词 (Past Participle) |
|---|---|---|
| fly | flew | flown |