Lesson 19 The stuff of dreams话说梦的本质强调句 虚拟语气

The stuff of dreams

stuff ^{n. fundamental material 基础材料，本质}

• the stuff of greatness
• Real life is the stuff of all good novels.^{是所有优秀小说的本质}
• We must find out what stuff he is made of.^{他是什么样的人/由什么构成}

It is fairly clear that the sleeping period must have some function, and because there is so much of it the function would seem to be important.

it is fairly clear that ... ^很明显...

• It is clear that the primary duty of parents is to provide protection for our children. ^{很明显，父母的首要职责就是为孩子提供保护。}
• It is clear that the U.S. will meet its emission goals. ^{很明显，美国将会达到其排放目标。}
• It is clear that having green spaces in a city is very beneficial for residents and visitors. ^{很明显，在城市中拥有绿色空间对居民和游客都是非常有益的。}

would seem / appear ^{想必，似乎}

• It would seem more sensible to apply standards flexibly rather than rigidly.
• It would appear that the legal profession is the nearest thing to a recession-proof industry.
• Time would appear to be the significant factor in this whole drama. 
• A more plausible explanation would seem / appear to be that people are fed up with the administration. ^{一个更合理的解释似乎是人们对行政机关感到厌倦。}

would ^{表“推测”}

• That would be his mother.
• Who is the man you want to speak to?  —You wouldn’t know him.
• He would have reached New York.

Speculations about its nature have been going on for literally thousands of years, and one odd finding that makes the problem puzzling is that it looks very much as if sleeping is not simply a matter of giving the body a rest.

speculations about ... have been going on for literally thousands of years. ^{关于...的推测已经延续数千年了}

• Speculations about the origins of the universe have been going on for literally thousands of years.^{对于宇宙起源的猜测已经持续长达数千年了}
• The custom of letting off firecrackers on Lunar New Year’s Eve has been going on for literally thousands of years. ^{除夕放鞭炮的习俗已经持续长达数千年了}

finding ^{n.information that is discovered as the result of research 研究结果}

• These findings suggest that there is no direct link between unemployment and crime.
• One of the main findings of the survey was the confusion about the facilities already in place.  ^{该调查的主要发现之一是对已安装到位的设备的混淆。}

It looks very much as if ... ^{看上去很可能...}

• It looked very much as if teeth, and not an axe, had cut down that tree.^{看上去很可能是牙齿而不是斧头砍倒了那棵树}
• It looks very much as if the 19-year-old Chinese player will regain the title she first won at sixteen.

be simply a matter of doing ^{不过是...的事儿/问题}

• Success in business is simply a matter of knowing when to take a chance. ^{商业上的成功不过是知道何时抓住机会的问题。}
• It's a matter of the greatest importance to me. ^{这对我来说是最重要的事情。}
• It's not just a matter of principle. ^{这不仅仅是个原则问题。}
• It was largely a matter of trial and error. ^{这主要是个反复实验的问题。}

'Rest', in terms of muscle relaxation and so on, can be achieved by a brief period lying, or even sitting down.

in terms of ... ^就...而言

• What are the advantages in terms of cost?
• What does this mean in terms of cost? ^{这在成本上意味着什么？}
• In terms of extra staff—how many will we need? ^{就额外的员工来说，我们需要多少人？}

The body's tissues are self-repairing and self-restoring to a degree, and function best when more or less continuously active.

self-repairing / self-restoring ^{自动修复的 / 自我恢复的 (self- prefix by yourself or by itself 自己、自我、自动)}

• a self-propelled vehicle
• self-closing doors
• a self-cleaning oven
•  a self-winding watch

to a (certain) degree / extent = partly ^{部分的、某种程度上}

• To a degree, it is possible to educate oneself.
• We're all willing to support him to a certain degree.
• Disillusionment with the parents, however good and adequate they may be both as parents and as individuals, is to some degree inevitable.

function best ^{功能最佳(最高级修饰动词时可省定冠词the)}

• One of the things that fascinates us most about cats is the popular belief that they have nine lives.
• Those who work (the) most often get paid (the) least. 
• The old machine still functions best after a good oiling.

more or less ^{几乎；差不多}

• a place where the ground was more or less flat 
• They've settled here more or less permanently. 
• He more or less admitted he'd done it.
• … the first group began to show some personality disorders while the others seemed more or less unaffected. ^本课

In fact a basic amount of movement occurs during sleep which is specifically concerned with preventing muscle inactivity.

specifically ^{adv.relating to or intended for one particular type of person or thing only 特定地，专门地}

• liquid vitamins specifically designed for children.^{专门为儿童设计的}
• a magazine aimed specifically at working women.^{专门针对职业女性的}

concern / be concerned with / about ... ^{与...有关 / 担忧}

• The book concerns music.
• The book is concerned with music.
• a book concerning music
• a book concerned with music concern …

inactivity ^{不活动；不工作 the state of not doing anything, not moving, or not working}

• Don't suddenly take up violent exercise after years of inactivity.
• The truth is, your body was not designed for inactivity. ^{事实上，你的身体不是生来就静止的。}
• Our waistlines are expanding for one major reason: increasing inactivity. ^{身体活动的日益减少是我们腰围见长的一个主要原因。}

If it is not a question of resting the body, then perhaps it is the brain that needs resting?

rest ^{v.to not use a part of your body that is tired or injured so that it can get better 使（身体或身体某部分）休息}

• Rest your eyes every half an hour. 
• I need to sit down and rest my legs.

need / require / want + doing | to be done ^需要被...

• The watch needs / requires / wants mending | to be mended.
• … then perhaps it is the brain that needs to be rested? ^替换写法
• "The strap needs mending," said Mrs. Sterling later, "but they did not steal anything."

If it is not a question of replacing trading partners, then perhaps it is trading standards that need replacing. ^{如果不是更换贸易伙伴的问题，那可能需要更换的就是贸易标准了.}

This might be a plausible hypothesis were it not for two factors.

plausible hypothesis ^{貌似合理的假设}

• The police found his story barely plausible.
• Plausible hypothesis This might be a plausible hypothesis were it not for two factors. ^{若不是下面两点，这种假设似乎是有道理的。}
• This is a controversial hypothesis, but it is certainly plausible. ^{这种假设很具争议，但的确有可能。}

were it not for ... ^{要不是；如果没有...（虚拟语气倒装）}

• This might be a plausible hypothesis if it were not for two factors. ^{替换写法（不倒装）}
• Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.
• This might be a plausible hypothesis but for / except for two factors. ^{要不是，要没有}

First the electroencephalograph (which is simply a device for recording the electrical activity of the brain by attaching electrodes to the scalp) shows that while there is a change in the pattern of activity during sleep, there is no evidence that the total amount of activity is any less.

electroencephalograph ^{脑电图仪；脑电描记器}

“electr” = electron + “encephalo” = brain + “graph(y)” = to write bovine 

• The medical team used an electroencephalograph to monitor the patient's brain waves.
• For instance, electrocardiograph can detect heart's condition. Electroencephalograph can detect brain's condition. ^{心电图仪可查抄人的心脏状态，脑电图仪可查抄人的前脑状态。}
• A graphic record of the electrical activity of the brain as recorded by an electroencephalograph. ^{大脑电子活动的图形记录；脑电图仪产生的。}

bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)

device for doing sth. / to do sth. ^{做某事的设备}

• a device for measuring humidity in the air.
• a device to detect carbon monoxide.

attach ... to ... ^{连上、贴上、系上...}

• Lined up against the wall, there were long thin wires attached to metal spheres.
• The sides of the dish were so smooth that it was almost impossible to attach hawsers and chains to the rim without damaging it.
•  

evidence + 同位语从句 ^{有证据表明...}

• There is some evidence that the economy is improving.
• Is there any scientific evidence that a person's character is reflected in their handwriting? ^{是否有科学证据表明一个人的性格反映在他们的笔迹中}
• There is now clear evidence that these chemicals are damaging the environment.

any + 比较级 ^{adv.used before the comparative form of an adjective or adverb to mean ‘even a small amount’ 一点儿，丝毫}

• I can't run any faster.
• Are you feeling any better?
• Don't you have any less expensive shirts? ^{你们没有便宜点儿的衬衣？}
• But that does not mean it will be any less interesting. ^{但是这不意味着它会失去丝毫的趣味。}

The second factor is more interesting and more fundamental.

more adj. and more ^{adj. 更... 且更...}

• I want to get more interesting and more challenging job. ^{我想得到更有趣和更具挑战性的工作。}
• The following two days will help you to learn it more easily and with more fun! ^{接下来的两天将帮助你更轻松、更有趣地学习它！}
• I should be compared you to summer, you are more beautiful and more gentle. ^{我是否应把你比作夏日，你是更美丽，更温柔。}

Some years ago an American psychiatrist named William Dement published experiments dealing with the recording of eye-movements during sleep.

deal with ^{关于（书、演讲等）if a book, speech etc. deals with a particular subject, it is about that subject}

• The story deals with the psychological conflicts between mother and son.
• I prefer to deal with him direct. ^{我更愿意直接跟他打交道。}
• He's happy that I deal with it myself. ^{他对我自己处理这件事感到很满意。}
• Have you been hatching up a deal with her? ^{你是不是在和她密谋什么交易？}
• We did a deal with the management on overtime. ^{我们与资方在加班问题上达成了一项协议。}

He showed that the average individual's sleep cycle is punctuated with peculiar bursts of eye-movements, some (being) drifting and slow, others  (being) jerky and rapid. ^{独立主格(省略了being)}

be punctuated with ^{充满了；带有…的特征;穿插...;被...所点缀}

• His speech was punctuated with warm applause. ^{他的讲话不时被热烈的掌声打断。}
• His speech was punctuated with laughter from the opposition. ^{他的演讲不时地被反对派的嘲笑声打断。}
• The football game was punctuated with the cheers of each team's supporters. ^{足球赛伴随着两队支持者们阵阵的欢呼声进行。}

burst ^{n.a short period of a particular activity or strong emotion that often starts suddenly 一阵（突然发生的活动或强烈情感）}

• a sudden burst of activity / energy / anger / enthusiasm^{一阵活动/能量}
• spontaneous bursts of applause^{一阵自发的掌声}
• A burst of activity associated with the laying of submarine cables soon confirmed the challenger's observation that many parts of the ocean were two to there miles deep, and the existence of underwater features of considerable magnitude.

drift ^{v. to move, change, or do sth. without any plan or purpose 漫无目标地移动、改变等}

• The crowds drifted away from the stadium.
• Jenni spent the year drifting around Europe.
• This is a moving spectacle, for crowds of people stand on the shore watching the lanterns drifting away until they can be seen no more.

jerky ^{adj.making sudden starts and stops and not moving smoothly 忽动忽停的，颠簸不稳的}

• The disease causes sudden jerky movements of the hands and legs.
• The old bus ride was quite jerky.

People woken during these periods of eye-movements generally reported that they had been dreaming.

be woken during ... ^{在...期间被叫醒}

• She was woken during the night by a loud noise.
• One night, however, our vicar woke up with a start... ^惊醒

When (they were) woken at other times they reported no dreams. ^{状语从句主谓与主句一致时可省略}

1、从句的主语 (Subject of the Adverbial Clause) 必须和主句的主语 (Subject of the Main Clause) 相同。
2、从句的谓语动词 (Verb Phrase) 包含一个系动词 be （如 is,are,was,were ）或一个助动词 be 。

状语从句的简化 (Reduction of Adverbial Clauses) ^{专业叫法“悬垂分词 (Dangling Participle)”}

含有过去分词 (V-ed) - 通常是被动语态的简化

• When it is viewed from a distance, the painting looks realistic.  ⇒ When viewed from a distance, the painting looks realistic. ^{时间 (When/While)}
• As she was inspired by her teacher, she decided to study science. ⇒ Inspired by her teacher, she decided to study science. ^{原因 (Because/As)}
• If it is heated too quickly, the substance will explode. ⇒ If heated too quickly, the substance will explode. ^{条件 (If)}

含有现在分词 (V-ing) - 通常是主动语态或进行时的简化

• While I was walking down the street, I saw an old friend. ⇒ While walking down the street, I saw an old friend. ^{时间 (While/As)}
• Because they were feeling tired, the hikers stopped to rest. ⇒ Feeling tired, the hikers stopped to rest. ^{原因 (Because/As)}
• Though he is earning a high salary, he is not happy. ⇒ Though earning a high salary, he is not happy. ^{让步 (Though)}

含有形容词 (Adjective) 或介词短语 (Prepositional Phrase)

• When they are ready, the documents will be sent out. ⇒ When ready, the documents will be sent out. ^{时间 (When)}
• As she was certain of her facts, she spoke confidently. ⇒ Certain of her facts, she spoke confidently. ^{原因 (As)}
• If it is necessary, we can reschedule the meeting. ⇒ If necessary, we can reschedule the meeting. ^{条件 (If)}
• Before he was on stage, the singer felt nervous. ⇒ Before on stage, the singer felt nervous. ^{时间 (Before)}

If one group of people were disturbed from their eye-movement sleep for several nights on end, and another group were disturbed for an equal period of time but when they were not exhibiting eye-movements, the first group began to show some personality disorders while the others seemed more or less unaffected.

on end ^连续的

• Some plays are so successful that they run for years on end. 
• He is a wonderful companion and we can talk for hours on end. ^{他是个极好的伙伴，我们可以连续谈上几个小时。}
• He would disappear for weeks on end. ^{他常常是连续几周不见人影。}

exhibit ^{v. (fml.) to show a particular feeling, quality, ability, or form of behavior 表现，显示，显出}

• The islanders exhibit a constant happiness with life. ^{这些岛民表现出一种对生活的持久的幸福感。}
• She's beginning to exhibit symptoms of stress.^{开始表现出压力的症状}
• The patient exhibited signs of fatigue and memory loss.

disorder ^{n. an illness of the mind or body 疾病，不适，障碍}

• He had treated her for a stomach disorder. 
• He's suffering from severe mental disorder.^{严重的精神障碍}
• One forensic psychiatrist described him as having an incurable antisocial personality disorder. ^{一位法庭精神病医生将他描述为患有不可治愈反社会人格障碍。}
• This makes it too common to be considered a mental disorder. ^{这使得它太常见，所以不被认为是一种精神疾病。}

unaffected (by ...)  ^{adj. 英文解释：not changed or influenced by sth 未改变的，未受影响的}

• People's rights are unaffected by the new law.^{未受新法律影响}
• The children seem unaffected emotionally by their parents’ divorce.
• She seemed totally unaffected by what she'd drunk. ^{她似乎完全没有受到所喝的东西的影响。}

The implications of all this were that it was not the disturbance of sleep that mattered, but the disturbance of dreaming.

it is not ... that ..., but ... ^{不是...重要；而是...（强调句型）}

• If there is one—which I take leave to doubt—then it is older people who create it, not the young themselves.
• If this facilitates forgery, it is the bank which will lose, not the customer. 
• But the significant thing is not the behaviour of the players but the attitude of the spectators...

写作替换

• … it was the disturbance of dreaming that / which mattered, not the disturbance of sleep. ^{肯定前者、否定后者}
• … the significant thing was not the disturbance of sleep but the disturbance of dreaming.

Lesson 6 The sporting spirit ^写作替换

… the significant thing is not the behaviour of the players but the attitude of the spectators …

• … it is not the behaviour of the player that matters, but the attitude of the spectators … ^本课句型
• … it is the attitude of the spectators that matters, not the behaviour of the players … §

是...而不是... ^写作替换