Lesson 19 The stuff of dreams话说梦的本质

First listen and then answer the following question: What is going on when a person experiences rapid eye-movements during sleep?

It is fairly clear that the sleeping period must have some function, and because there is so much of it the function would seem to be important.

很清楚，睡眠必然具有某种作用。睡眠占去那么多时间，所以其作用似乎还是很重要。

Speculations about its nature have been going on for literally thousands of years, and one odd finding that makes the problem puzzling is that it looks very much as if sleeping is not simply a matter of giving the body a rest.

人们对睡眠作用的种种猜测，确实有数千年之久。一项使人对这个问题感到困惑的奇怪的发现是，睡眠在很大程度似乎并不仅仅是为了使身体得到休息。

'Rest', in terms of muscle relaxation and so on, can be achieved by a brief period lying, or even sitting down.

“休息”，从使肌肉得到放松等方面来看，只要稍微躺一躺，甚至坐一坐就能达到。

The body's tissues are self-repairing and self-restoring to a degree, and function best when more or less continuously active.

人体组织在一定程度上有自我修补和自我恢复的能力，有张有弛地连续活动时，其功能最佳。

In fact a basic amount of movement occurs during sleep which is specifically concerned with preventing muscle inactivity.

事实上，睡眠状态下仍有着基本的活动量，以防止肌肉活动停止。

If it is not a question of resting the body, then perhaps it is the brain that needs resting?

如果睡眠的功能不是在于使身体得到休息，那么也许是让大脑得以休息？

This might be a plausible hypothesis were it not for two factors.

若不是下面两点，这种假使似乎是有道理的。

First the electroencephalograph (which is simply a device for recording the electrical activity of the brain by attaching electrodes to the scalp) shows that while there is a change in the pattern of activity during sleep, there is no evidence that the total amount of activity is any less.

第一点，脑电图记录仪（不过是一种把电极接到头皮上记录脑电活动的仪器）显示，人在睡眠时大脑活动的方式有变化，但没有迹象表明，其活动总量有任何减少。

The second factor is more interesting and more fundamental.

第二点更有意思，也更重要。

Some years ago, an American psychiatrist named William Dement published experiments dealing with the recording of eye-movements during sleep.

前些年，美国一位名叫威廉 • 德门特的精神病学者发表了一项实验报告，报告中记录了眼球在睡眠时的活动情况。

He showed that the average individual's sleep cycle is punctuated with peculiar bursts of eye-movements, some drifting and slow, others jerky and rapid.

他指出，平常人的睡眠周期中不时伴有一阵阵奇怪的眼球队活动，这些活动有的飘忽而缓慢，有的急剧而快速。

People woken during these periods of eye-movements generally reported that they had been dreaming. When woken at other times they reported no dreams.

在眼球活动期间被叫醒的人都说自己在做梦；在其他期间叫醒他们，则说没有做梦。

If one group of people were disturbed from their eye-movement sleep for several nights on end, and another group were disturbed for an equal period of time but when they were not exhibiting eye-movements, the first group began to show some personality disorders while the others seemed more or less unaffected.

如果有两组人，一组人连续几夜在眼球队活动时被叫醒；另一组人也是连续几夜被叫醒，但是在眼球没活动时被叫醒的。结果，第一组人开始出现性格失常，而第二组人似乎没受什么影响。

The implications of all this were that it was not the disturbance of sleep that mattered, but the disturbance of dreaming.

这一切暗示我们：睡眠受到干忧没关系，而做梦受到干忧是有问题的。

CHRISTOPHER EVANSThe stuff of dreams from The Listener

A patient is asleep. — Circadian rhythm experiment. A patient is asleep in a sleep research laboratory. Electrocles are attached to his head to measure brainwaves.

Lesson 18 Porpoises

Lesson 20 Snake poison

14个相关单词

与课文关联的单词

speculation

/ˌspekjuˈleɪʃ(ə)n/n. 推测

literally

//adv. 确实

odd *

/ɒd/adj. 奇特的

笔记更新中

当您看到了此提示，说明本课笔记还在正在努力更新中...

引子更新于:2025-10-17 06:08:18

The stuff of dreams

stuff ^{基础材料，本质}

The stuff of dreams^{梦想的本质}.
Real life is the stuff of all good novels^{是所有优秀小说的本质}.
We must find out what stuff he is made of^{他是什么样的人/由什么构成}.

It is fairly clear that the sleeping period must have some function, and because there is so much of it the function would seem to be important.

it is fairly clear that ... ^很明显...

It is fairly clear that^很明显 the sleeping period must have some function...

很明显 ^近义句型

短语/语法点 ^中文释义	英文例句（加粗短语）^中文翻译
it is as clear as daylight that ... ^{像白天一样明显}	It was as clear as daylight then that burglars had forced an entry^{那时很明显窃贼是强行进入的} during her absence.
it is obvious that ... ^显然...	The rope had been cut, so it was obvious that the lamb had been stolen^{显然羊羔被偷了}.
it becomes apparent that ... ^{明显看出...}	It later became apparent that rabbits were developing a degree of resistance^{后来明显看出兔子正在产生一定程度的抵抗力} to this disease.

would seem / appear ^{想必，似乎}

...the function would seem to be important^{这个功能似乎很重要}.
It would seem more sensible to apply standards flexibly^{似乎更明智的做法是灵活地应用标准} rather than rigidly.
A more plausible explanation would appear to be that^{一个更合理的解释似乎是} people are fed up with the Conservative government.

Speculations about its nature have been going on for literally thousands of years, and one odd finding that makes the problem puzzling is that it looks very much as if sleeping is not simply a matter of giving the body a rest.

speculations about ... have been going on for literally thousands of years. ^{关于...的推测已经延续数千年了}

Speculations about its nature have been going on for literally thousands of years^{关于它本质的推测已经延续数千年了}...
Speculations about the origins of the universe have been going on for literally thousands of years^{对于宇宙起源的猜测已经持续长达数千年了}.
The custom of letting off firecrackers on Lunar New Year’s Eve has been going on for literally thousands of years^{除夕放鞭炮的习俗已经持续长达数千年了}.

finding ^研究结果

...and one odd finding^{一个奇怪的研究结果} that makes the problem puzzling...
These findings^研究结果 suggest that there is no direct link between unemployment and crime.

It looks very much as if ... ^{看上去很可能...}

...is that it looks very much as if sleeping is not simply a matter of giving the body a rest^{睡眠看上去很可能不仅仅是让身体休息的问题}.
It looked very much as if teeth, and not an axe, had cut down that tree^{看上去很可能是牙齿而不是斧头砍倒了那棵树}.
It looks very much as if the 19-year-old Chinese player will regain the title^{看上去这位19岁的中国选手很可能会重新夺回冠军} she first won at sixteen.

be simply a matter of doing / be not simply a matter of doing ^{不过是...的事儿/问题 / 不仅仅是...的事儿/问题}

...sleeping is not simply a matter of giving the body a rest^{不仅仅是让身体休息的问题}.
Success in business is simply a matter of knowing when to take a chance^{不过是知道何时抓住机会的问题}.
Reducing the number of road deaths is not simply a matter of improving roads^{不仅仅是改善道路的问题}.

a / the + matter / question of ... ^{...的事儿/问题}

短语/语法点 ^中文释义	英文例句（加粗短语）^中文翻译
the question of prestige arises ^{威望问题出现了}	...but as soon as the question of prestige arises^{威望问题出现了}...
It is a question of pride ^{这是一个关乎骄傲的问题}	It is a question of pride^{这是一个关乎骄傲的问题} as much as anything else.

'Rest', in terms of muscle relaxation and so on, can be achieved by a brief period lying, or even sitting down.

in terms of ... ^就...而言

'Rest', in terms of muscle relaxation and so on^{就肌肉放松等方面而言}, can be achieved by a brief period lying...
What are the advantages in terms of cost^{就成本而言}?

The body's tissues are self-repairing and self-restoring to a degree, and function best when more or less continuously active.

self-repairing / self-restoring ^{自动修复的 / 自我恢复的}

The body's tissues are self-repairing and self-restoring^{自我修复和自我恢复的} to a degree...

self- ^{自己、自我、自动（前缀）}

短语/语法点 ^中文释义	英文例句（加粗短语）^中文翻译
self-propelled vehicle ^{自动推进的车辆}	a self-propelled vehicle^{自动推进的车辆}.
self-cleaning oven ^{自动清洁的烤箱}	a self-cleaning oven^{自动清洁的烤箱}.

to a (certain) degree / extent ^{部分的、某种程度上}

The body's tissues are self-repairing and self-restoring to a degree^{在某种程度上}...
To a degree^{在某种程度上}, it is possible to educate oneself.

to a (certain) extent / to some extent ^{部分的、某种程度上（近义词组）}

短语/语法点 ^中文释义	英文例句（加粗短语）^中文翻译
to some extent ^{某种程度上}	This will relieve pressure on the trains to some extent^{在某种程度上减轻火车的压力}.
I agree with you to a certain extent, but ... ^{我在某种程度上同意你，但是...}	I agree with him to an extent^{我在某种程度上同意他}.

function best ^功能最佳

...and function best^功能最佳 when more or less continuously active.
The old machine still functions best^{功能仍然最佳} after a good oiling.

more or less ^{几乎；差不多}

...when more or less continuously active^{当差不多连续活动时}.
The ground was more or less flat^{地面差不多是平坦的}.

continually / continuously ^{不断地；频繁地 / 连续不断地}

短语/语法点 ^中文释义	英文例句（加粗短语）^中文翻译
continually ^{不断地；频繁地（含贬义）}	He is continually asking me for money^{他不断地向我要钱}.
continuously ^{连续不断地（强调一刻不停）}	He has lived and worked in France almost continuously since 1961^{自1961年以来几乎连续不断地生活和工作在法国}.

In fact a basic amount of movement occurs during sleep which is specifically concerned with preventing muscle inactivity.

specifically ^{特定地，专门地}

...which is specifically concerned with preventing muscle inactivity^{专门与防止肌肉不活动有关}.
liquid vitamins specifically designed for children^{专门为儿童设计的}.
a magazine aimed specifically at working women^{专门针对职业女性的}.

concern / be concerned with / about ... ^{与...有关 / 担忧}

短语/语法点 ^中文释义	英文例句（加粗短语）^中文翻译
concern (vt.) ^与...有关	The book concerns music^{这本书与音乐有关}.
be concerned with ... ^与...有关	The book is concerned with music^{这本书与音乐有关}.
concern (vt.) ^{令某人担忧}	What concerns me is our lack of preparation^{令我担忧的是我们缺乏准备} for the change.
be concerned about ... ^{为某事担忧}	The police said they were very concerned about the boy's safety^{为男孩的安全非常担忧}.

inactivity ^{不活动；不工作}

...with preventing muscle inactivity^{防止肌肉不活动}.
Don't suddenly take up violent exercise after years of inactivity^不活动.

推测更新于:2025-10-17 06:08:55

If it is not a question of resting the body, then perhaps it is the brain that needs resting?

rest ^{使（身体或身体某部分）休息}

If it is not a question of resting the body^{让身体休息}, then perhaps it is the brain that needs resting?
Rest your eyes^{让你的眼睛休息} every half an hour.
I need to sit down and rest my legs^{让我的腿休息}.

need / require / want + doing / to be done ^需要被...

...then perhaps it is the brain that needs resting^需要休息? / ...that needs to be rested^{需要被休息}?
The watch needs mending^{这块表需要修理} / to be mended^{需要被修理}.

写作仿写：If it is not a question of ..., then perhaps it is ... that need replacing. ^{如果不是...问题，那可能需要更换的就是...了。}

If it is not a question of replacing trading partners, then perhaps it is trading standards that need replacing^{如果不是更换贸易伙伴的问题，那可能需要更换的就是贸易标准了}.

This might be a plausible hypothesis were it not for two factors.

plausible hypothesis ^{貌似合理的假设}

This might be a plausible hypothesis^{貌似合理的假设} were it not for two factors.
The police found his story barely plausible^勉强可信.

were it not for ... ^{要不是；如果没有...（虚拟语气倒装）}

...were it not for two factors^{要不是有两个因素}.

虚拟语气倒装 ^写作替换

短语/语法点 ^中文释义	英文例句（加粗短语）^中文翻译
if it were not for ... ^{要不是；如果没有...（正常语序）}	This might be a plausible hypothesis if it were not for two factors^{要不是有两个因素}.
but for / except for ... ^{要不是；如果没有...}	This might be a plausible hypothesis but for / except for two factors^{要不是有两个因素}.
Were I you, ... ^{如果我是你（与现在事实相反）}	Were I you^{如果我是你}, I would go abroad at once.
Had not the entrance been spotted, ... ^{如果入口没有被发现（与过去事实相反）}	The cave might never have been discovered had not the entrance been spotted^{如果入口没有被发现的话} by the distinguished French pot-holer...

First the electroencephalograph (which is simply a device for recording the electrical activity of the brain by attaching electrodes to the scalp) shows that while there is a change in the pattern of activity during sleep, there is no evidence that the total amount of activity is any less.

electroencephalograph ^{脑电图仪；脑电描记器}

First the electroencephalograph^脑电图仪 (which is simply a device for recording the electrical activity of the brain...
The medical team used an electroencephalograph^脑电图仪 to monitor the patient's brain waves.

device for doing sth. / to do sth. ^{做某事的设备}

...which is simply a device for recording the electrical activity of the brain^{一个记录大脑电活动的设备}...
a device for measuring humidity^{测量湿度的设备} in the air.
a device to detect carbon monoxide^{检测一氧化碳的设备}.

attach ... to ... ^{连上、贴上、系上...}

...by attaching electrodes to the scalp^{通过将电极连到头皮上}...
Lined up against the wall, there were long thin wires attached to metal spheres^{连到金属球上}.

evidence + 同位语从句 ^{有证据表明...}

there is no evidence that the total amount of activity is any less^{没有证据表明活动总量有丝毫减少}.
There is some evidence that the economy is improving^{有证据表明经济正在改善}.
Is there any scientific evidence that a person's character is reflected in their handwriting^{是否有科学证据表明一个人的性格反映在他们的笔迹中}?

any less ^丝毫减少

...the total amount of activity is any less^{有丝毫减少}.
I can't run any faster^丝毫更快.
Are you feeling any better^丝毫更好?

The second factor is more interesting and more fundamental. Some years ago an American psychiatrist named William Dement published experiments dealing with the recording of eye-movements during sleep.

deal with ^{关于（书、演讲等）}

...published experiments dealing with the recording of eye-movements^{处理/关于眼球运动记录的实验} during sleep.
The story deals with the psychological conflicts^{这个故事是关于心理冲突的} between mother and son.

关于 ^近义词组

短语/语法点 ^中文释义	英文例句（加粗短语）^中文翻译
concern / be concerned with ... ^{与...有关；关于}	Much of the material in her early letters concerns events^{与事件有关} which happened some years before.
be about ... ^{是关于...的}	It's about an English woman and her daughter travelling in Morocco^{是关于一个英国女人和她的女儿在摩洛哥旅行的}.
focus on ... ^主要关于	The next chapter will focus on this problem^{主要关于这个问题} in greater detail.

He showed that the average individual's sleep cycle is punctuated with peculiar bursts of eye-movements, some drifting and slow, others jerky and rapid.

burst ^{一阵（突然发生的活动或强烈情感）}

...is punctuated with peculiar bursts of eye-movements^{一阵奇怪的眼球运动}...
a sudden burst of activity / energy^{一阵活动/能量}.
spontaneous bursts of applause^{一阵自发的掌声}.

some drifting and slow, others jerky and rapid ^{一些是漂浮而缓慢的，另一些是急动而快速的（独立主格）}

...eye-movements, some drifting and slow, others jerky and rapid^{一些是漂浮而缓慢的，另一些是急动而快速的}.

drift ^{漫无目标地移动、改变等}

The crowds drifted away^{漫无目标地散去} from the stadium.
Jenni spent the year drifting around Europe^{漫无目标地在欧洲漂泊}.

jerky ^{忽动忽停的，颠簸不稳的}

The disease causes sudden jerky movements^{忽动忽停的动作} of the hands and legs.
The old bus ride was quite jerky^颠簸不稳.

People woken during these periods of eye-movements generally reported that they had been dreaming.

be woken during ... ^{在...期间被叫醒}

People woken during these periods of eye-movements^{在这些眼球运动期间被叫醒的人} generally reported that they had been dreaming.
She was woken during the night by a loud noise^{在夜间被巨大的噪音叫醒}.

When woken at other times they reported no dreams.

When woken at other times (状语从句省略) ^{在其他时间被叫醒时}

When woken at other times^{在其他时间被叫醒时} they reported no dreams. (完整形式: When they were woken at other times...)

If one group of people were disturbed from their eye-movement sleep for several nights on end, and another group were disturbed for an equal period of time but when they were not exhibiting eye-movements, the first group began to show some personality disorders while the others seemed more or less unaffected.

on end ^连续的

...for several nights on end^{连续几个晚上}...

连续的 ^同义词组

短语/语法点 ^中文释义	英文例句（加粗短语）^中文翻译
in a row ^连续的	She's been voted Best Actress three years in a row^连续三年.
successively ^连续地	The company won the award three years successively^连续地.

exhibit ^{表现，显示，显出}

...when they were not exhibiting eye-movements^{没有显示眼球运动时}...
She's beginning to exhibit symptoms of stress^{开始表现出压力的症状}.
The patient exhibited signs of fatigue^{显示出疲劳的迹象} and memory loss.

disorder ^{疾病，不适，障碍}

...began to show some personality disorders^{一些人格障碍}...
He's suffering from severe mental disorder^{严重的精神障碍}.

unaffected (by ...) ^{未改变的，未受影响的}

...while the others seemed more or less unaffected^{似乎或多或少未受影响}.
People's rights are unaffected by the new law^{未受新法律影响}.

The implications of all this were that it was not the disturbance of sleep that mattered, but the disturbance of dreaming.

it is not ... that mattered, but ... ^{不是...重要；而是...（强调句型）}

...that it was not the disturbance of sleep that mattered, but the disturbance of dreaming^{重要的不是睡眠被打扰，而是梦想被打扰}.

是...而不是... ^写作替换

短语/语法点 ^中文释义	英文例句（加粗短语）^中文翻译
it is ... that / who / which ..., not ... ^{是...而不是...（强调）}	...it is the disturbance of dreaming that mattered, not the disturbance of sleep^{重要的是梦想被打扰，而不是睡眠被打扰}.
the significant thing is not ... but ... ^{重要的不是...而是...}	The significant thing is not the behaviour of the players but the attitude of the spectators^{重要的不是球员的行为而是观众的态度}.

Shake a leg. ^{赶快；跳舞；迅速行动}

Lesson 18 Porpoises

Lesson 20 Snake poison

Lesson 19 The stuff of dreams话说梦的本质

与课文关联的单词

odd *

笔记更新中

引子 更新于:2025-10-17 06:08:18

The stuff of dreams

stuff 基础材料，本质

It is fairly clear that the sleeping period must have some function, and because there is so much of it the function would seem to be important.

it is fairly clear that ... 很明显...

很明显 近义句型

would seem / appear 想必，似乎

Speculations about its nature have been going on for literally thousands of years, and one odd finding that makes the problem puzzling is that it looks very much as if sleeping is not simply a matter of giving the body a rest.

speculations about ... have been going on for literally thousands of years. 关于...的推测已经延续数千年了

finding 研究结果

It looks very much as if ... 看上去很可能...

be simply a matter of doing / be not simply a matter of doing 不过是...的事儿/问题 / 不仅仅是...的事儿/问题

a / the + matter / question of ... ...的事儿/问题

'Rest', in terms of muscle relaxation and so on, can be achieved by a brief period lying, or even sitting down.

in terms of ... 就...而言

The body's tissues are self-repairing and self-restoring to a degree, and function best when more or less continuously active.

self-repairing / self-restoring 自动修复的 / 自我恢复的

self- 自己、自我、自动（前缀）

to a (certain) degree / extent 部分的、某种程度上

to a (certain) extent / to some extent 部分的、某种程度上（近义词组）

function best 功能最佳

more or less 几乎；差不多

continually / continuously 不断地；频繁地 / 连续不断地

In fact a basic amount of movement occurs during sleep which is specifically concerned with preventing muscle inactivity.

specifically 特定地，专门地

concern / be concerned with / about ... 与...有关 / 担忧

inactivity 不活动；不工作

推测 更新于:2025-10-17 06:08:55

If it is not a question of resting the body, then perhaps it is the brain that needs resting?

rest 使（身体或身体某部分）休息

need / require / want + doing / to be done 需要被...

写作仿写：If it is not a question of ..., then perhaps it is ... that need replacing. 如果不是...问题，那可能需要更换的就是...了。

This might be a plausible hypothesis were it not for two factors.

plausible hypothesis 貌似合理的假设

were it not for ... 要不是；如果没有...（虚拟语气倒装）

虚拟语气倒装 写作替换

First the electroencephalograph (which is simply a device for recording the electrical activity of the brain by attaching electrodes to the scalp) shows that while there is a change in the pattern of activity during sleep, there is no evidence that the total amount of activity is any less.

electroencephalograph 脑电图仪；脑电描记器

device for doing sth. / to do sth. 做某事的设备

attach ... to ... 连上、贴上、系上...

evidence + 同位语从句 有证据表明...

any less 丝毫减少

The second factor is more interesting and more fundamental. Some years ago an American psychiatrist named William Dement published experiments dealing with the recording of eye-movements during sleep.

deal with 关于（书、演讲等）

关于 近义词组

He showed that the average individual's sleep cycle is punctuated with peculiar bursts of eye-movements, some drifting and slow, others jerky and rapid.

burst 一阵（突然发生的活动或强烈情感）

some drifting and slow, others jerky and rapid 一些是漂浮而缓慢的，另一些是急动而快速的（独立主格）

drift 漫无目标地移动、改变等

jerky 忽动忽停的，颠簸不稳的

People woken during these periods of eye-movements generally reported that they had been dreaming.

be woken during ... 在...期间被叫醒

When woken at other times they reported no dreams.

When woken at other times (状语从句省略) 在其他时间被叫醒时

on end 连续的

连续的 同义词组

exhibit 表现，显示，显出

disorder 疾病，不适，障碍

unaffected (by ...) 未改变的，未受影响的

The implications of all this were that it was not the disturbance of sleep that mattered, but the disturbance of dreaming.

it is not ... that mattered, but ... 不是...重要；而是...（强调句型）

是...而不是... 写作替换

Lesson 19 The stuff of dreams

引子更新于:2025-10-17 06:08:18

stuff ^{基础材料，本质}

it is fairly clear that ... ^很明显...

很明显 ^近义句型

would seem / appear ^{想必，似乎}

speculations about ... have been going on for literally thousands of years. ^{关于...的推测已经延续数千年了}

finding ^研究结果

It looks very much as if ... ^{看上去很可能...}

be simply a matter of doing / be not simply a matter of doing ^{不过是...的事儿/问题 / 不仅仅是...的事儿/问题}

a / the + matter / question of ... ^{...的事儿/问题}

in terms of ... ^就...而言

self-repairing / self-restoring ^{自动修复的 / 自我恢复的}

self- ^{自己、自我、自动（前缀）}

to a (certain) degree / extent ^{部分的、某种程度上}

to a (certain) extent / to some extent ^{部分的、某种程度上（近义词组）}

function best ^功能最佳

more or less ^{几乎；差不多}

continually / continuously ^{不断地；频繁地 / 连续不断地}

specifically ^{特定地，专门地}

concern / be concerned with / about ... ^{与...有关 / 担忧}

inactivity ^{不活动；不工作}

推测更新于:2025-10-17 06:08:55

rest ^{使（身体或身体某部分）休息}

need / require / want + doing / to be done ^需要被...

写作仿写：If it is not a question of ..., then perhaps it is ... that need replacing. ^{如果不是...问题，那可能需要更换的就是...了。}

plausible hypothesis ^{貌似合理的假设}

were it not for ... ^{要不是；如果没有...（虚拟语气倒装）}

虚拟语气倒装 ^写作替换

electroencephalograph ^{脑电图仪；脑电描记器}

device for doing sth. / to do sth. ^{做某事的设备}

attach ... to ... ^{连上、贴上、系上...}

evidence + 同位语从句 ^{有证据表明...}

any less ^丝毫减少

deal with ^{关于（书、演讲等）}

关于 ^近义词组

burst ^{一阵（突然发生的活动或强烈情感）}

some drifting and slow, others jerky and rapid ^{一些是漂浮而缓慢的，另一些是急动而快速的（独立主格）}

drift ^{漫无目标地移动、改变等}

jerky ^{忽动忽停的，颠簸不稳的}

be woken during ... ^{在...期间被叫醒}

When woken at other times (状语从句省略) ^{在其他时间被叫醒时}

on end ^连续的

连续的 ^同义词组

exhibit ^{表现，显示，显出}

disorder ^{疾病，不适，障碍}

unaffected (by ...) ^{未改变的，未受影响的}

it is not ... that mattered, but ... ^{不是...重要；而是...（强调句型）}

是...而不是... ^写作替换