Lesson 12 Banks and their customers 银行和顾客

When anyone opens a current account at a bank, he is lending the bank money, repayment of which he may demand at any time, either in cash or by drawing a cheque in favour of another person.

lend / loan ^{v. 借出}

• He is lending the bank money.^{他正在借钱给银行。}
• While he was eating, I asked him to lend me twenty pounds.

when anyone..., he is... ^{无论是谁（做某事），就等于在...}

• When anyone tries to cross the pass on foot, he is risking his life.^{无论是谁试图徒步穿越这个山口,就等于在冒生命危险}
• When anyone accesses this data, he is violating the privacy policy. ^{无论是谁访问这些数据他就是在违反隐私政策}

名词 + 介词 + 关系代词 ^{引导非限定性定语从句}

• This echo-location in bats is often compared with radar, the principle of which is similar.
• The most valuable find of all was the ship's log book, parts of which it was still possible to read.
• He has two sons, one of whom died in the war.^{其中一个在战争中阵亡}
• The speaker posed four questions, the answers to which proved very illuminating.^{这些问题的答案被证明非常具有启发性}

repayment of... / repay / pay back ^{偿还、归还}

• He may demand repayment of the money.
• We should repay his kindness. ^{我们应该报答他的好意。}
• He couldn't reasonably be expected to pay back the loan all at once. ^{公平合理地讲，不可能指望他一下子归还全部借款。}

in favor of... ^{以某人/某部门为受款人（支票）}

• ...by drawing a cheque in favour of another person.^{开一张以另一个人为受款人的支票}
• Checks should be written / drawn in favor of School.^{支票应以学校为受款人}
• The check was made out in favor of the landlord.^{支票是开给房东的}

Primarily, the banker-customer relationship is that of debtor and creditor -- who is which depending on whether the customer's account is in credit or is overdrawn.

Primarily  ^{adv.主要地}

• Primarily, the banker-customer relationship is that of debtor and creditor.
• Chiefly, the concern is the safety of the public.
• First and foremost, we must ensure quality.

the relationship between / of ^{...之间的关系}

• The film is eloquent as it explores the relationship between artist and instrument. ^{这部影片探讨艺术家与乐器之间的关系，意味深长。}
• What's the relationship between the two speakers? ^{两位说话者之间是什么关系？}
• The event damaged the relationship of the two countries. ^{这个事件损害了两国关系。}
• Proportion involves the relationship of size between objects. ^{比例涉及的是对象之间的大小关系。}

省略冠词 ^{(语义相对的名词并列，常省略)}

• They threw themselves heart and soul into the project. ^{他们全心全意地投入了这个项目。}
• Could I have a knife and fork? ^{我可以要一副刀叉吗？}
• Please pass me pencil and paper.
• the relation between teacher and student
• the conflict between mother and son
• Father and son went to New York by a morning train.
• We are brother and sister.
• Husband and wife are talking about the boy’s future.

whether / if ^{从句区别（表示“是否”，结论：用 whether 最安全）}

be overdrawn ^透支

• The customer's account is overdrawn.
• Your account is in the red.^{有赤字/透支}

But, in addition to that basically simple concept, the bank and its customer owe a large number of obligations to one another.

in addition to ^{除了...之外，还...}

• In addition to all her other qualifications, Bessie was an expert cook.
• In addition to intelligence, they also symbolize affluence and wealth. ^{除了智慧，它们也象征着富足和财富。}
• In addition to the sale, we're running a promotion for complimentary tailoring if you need it. ^{除了打折，如果你需要的话，我们的促销活动还包括免费的剪裁服务。}

owe / have obligations to sb. ^{对某人有义务}

• Parents owe / have obligations to their children. ^{父母对他们的孩子负有义务.}
• He felt he had an obligation to help. ^{他觉得他有义务帮助}

one another / each other ^{互相(没有任何区别)}

• The bank and its customer owe obligations to one another / each other. 
• They often write to each other / one another.

Many of these obligations can give rise to problems and complications but a bank customer, unlike, say, a buyer of goods, cannot complain that the law is loaded against him.

give rise to sth. ^{(fml.正式表达) 导致...}

• The president’s absence has given rise to speculation about his health. 
• This can give rise to curious situations, as it did in the case of Alfred Bloggs who worked as a dustman for the Ellesmere Corporation.
• Low levels of choline in the body can give rise to high blood pressure.^{体内胆碱含量低可引发高血压。}
• This can give rise to curious situations。 ^{这能增加好奇心。}
• These are the cells thought to give rise to tumors. ^{据说这些细胞是导致肿瘤的生长的细胞。}

sth. is loaded against... ^{对...不公平 used to say that a system, situation, or organization is unfair and some people have a disadvantage}

• The justice system is loaded against ethnic minorities.^{司法系统对少数民族不公平}
• The dice were loaded against the visiting team.^{局势对客队不利}

The bank must obey its customer's instructions, and not those of anyone else.

obey instructions ^遵守命令

• The bank must obey its customer's instructions^{遵守其客户的指令}.
• All staff are required to strictly obey instructions^{严格遵守指令}.
• The system will only function if you obey all instructions^{遵守所有指令}.

When, for example, a customer first opens an account, he instructs the bank to debit his account only in respect of cheques drawn by himself.

in respect of  ^{关于;至于（正式，常用于商务、法律或官方文件）}

• The committee will look at all data with respect to the new budget.
• I have some concerns regarding your recent performance.
• A decision has not yet been reached in respect of your compensation claim. ^{关于您的赔偿要求，尚未做出决定。}

He gives the bank specimens of his signature, and there is a very firm rule that the bank has no right or authority to pay out a customer's money on a cheque on which its customer's signature has been forged.

signature ^{署名；签名；信号}

• He gives the bank specimens of his signature.^签名样本

authority ^{职权，权限 right to act in a specific way}

• Only the treasurer has authority to sign checks.
• You are acting outside your authority.

pay out ^{支付（大笔的钱）}

• We’re paying out $300 a month on our mortgage.
• The insurance company had to pay out a huge sum after the fire.

It makes no difference that the forgery may have been a very skillful one: the bank must recognize its customer's signature.

make a difference ^{有用；有影响}

• It makes no difference that the forgery may have been a very skillful one.
• Every vote makes a difference in the election.
• A little extra effort can make a big difference.

For this reason there is no risk to the customer in the practice, adopted by banks, of printing the customer's name on his cheques.

For this reason ^{因此（近义词组）}

• For this reason there is no risk to the customer...
• The path was icy, therefore, we walked slowly.
• He was late; consequently, he missed the meeting.

risk of vs. risk to ^{做某事的风险 vs. 对某事的风险}

• There is no risk to the customer^{对客户没有风险} in the practice...
• The job carries a high risk of serious injury^{有严重受伤的风险}.
• Pollution poses a serious risk to^{对...有风险} public health.

the practice of doing sth. ^{做某事的惯例}

• It is a common practice of closing shops on Sundays in some countries.
• The company stopped the practice of dumping waste into the sea.

If this facilitates forgery, it is the bank which will lose, not the customer. ^{强调句(科技、说明)}

facilitate... ^{使某事更容易(促进)}

• The new software will facilitate communication between departments.
• Capital goods are used to facilitate the production of consumer goods. ^{生产资料用于促进消费品的生产。}
• We should learn to grasp communication skills for they can facilitate mutual understanding. ^{我们应该学习掌握沟通技巧，因为这可以促进相互理解。}

It is... which... ^{特殊强调句（尤其用于科技、说明文体）}

• It is heat which makes matter expand and melt.^{是热量使物质膨胀和熔化}
• It is the release of nuclear energy within the Sun which enables it to send out so much energy to the earth.

if..., it is... that/which/who(m)..., not... ^{如果...，那么是...，而不是...（课文句型提炼）}

• If there is one—which I take leave to doubt—then it is older people who create it, not the young themselves.^{那么是老年人造成了它，而不是年轻人本身}