Lesson 33 Education教育无动词分句 并列句 虚拟语气

Education is one of the key words of our time.

a key word / issue / factor ^{一个关键词/议题/因素}

• Development is one of the key words of our time. 
• Freedom of speech is a key word in democratic societies.^{言论自由是民主社会的一个关键词。}
• "Sustainability" has become a key word in development debates.^{“可持续性”已成为发展辩论中的一个关键词。}

A man without an education, many of us believe, is an unfortunate victim of adverse circumstances, deprived of one of the greatest twentieth-century opportunities.^{(A man is a victim. )}

deprived of ^{被剥夺了/缺乏}

• They were deprived of basic human rights.^{他们被剥夺了基本人权。}
• A man without an education is deprived of one of the greatest opportunities.^{一个没有受过教育的人被剥夺了最伟大的机会之一。}
• The lack of funding means the program will be deprived of essential resources.^{资金的缺乏意味着该项目将被剥夺基本资源。}

Many of us believe that a man without an education is an unfortunate victim of … ^{中式英语(重心偏移了)}
A man without an education, many of us believe, is an unfortunate victim of … ^{突出重点与强调点}

• You may wonder why spiders are our friends. ⇒ Why, you may wonder, should spiders be our friends? 
• It seems that dogs love to chew up money!  ⇒ Dogs, it seems, love to chew up money! 
• Many of us believe that economic development is of paramount importance to china. ⇒ Economic development, many of us believe, is of paramount importance to china. 

Convinced of the importance of education, modern states 'invest' in institutions of learning to get back 'interest' in the form of a large group of enlightened young men and women who are potential leaders.

convince sb. of sth. ^{使某人相信某事;坚信…/确信…}

• The jury was convinced of his guilt.^{陪审团确信他有罪。}
• I am convinced of her ability to handle the job.^{我确信她有能力胜任这份工作。}
• It was difficult to convince him of the truth. ^{很难让他相信事实真相。}

invest in... ^投资于…

• The company decided to invest heavily in renewable energy.^{公司决定大力投资于可再生能源。}
• It is a wise decision to invest in renewable energy. ^{投资可再生能源是一个明智的决定。}

institution ^{n.机构，团体(financial / educational / charitableinstitution)}

• A bank is a financial institution that accepts deposits and makes loans. ^{银行是吸收存款并发放贷款的金融机构。}
• Harvard University is a world-renowned educational institution. ^{哈佛大学是世界闻名的教育机构。}
• The charitable institution provides food and shelter for the homeless. ^{该慈善机构为无家可归者提供食物和住所。}

enlightened ^{adj. free from prejudice, ignorance, superstition, etc. 开明的}

• The company takes an enlightened attitude toward flexible working hours. ^{公司对灵活的工作时间持开明的态度。}
• The government implemented an enlightened policy to protect minority rights. ^{政府实施了一项保护少数群体权利的开明政策。}
• His words have enlightened me. ^{他的一番话使我开了窍。}

Education, with its (education) cycles of instruction (being) so carefully worked out, punctuated by textbooks -- those purchasable wells of wisdom - what would civilization be like without its benefits? ^{无动词分句}

work out ^{制定出，策划出} 

• The committee will meet tomorrow to work out a plan for the fundraiser. ^{委员会明天将开会为筹款活动制定计划。}
• The fitness coach helped her work out a program to improve her core strength. ^{健身教练帮她制定了一套增强核心力量的训练计划。}

punctuate ^{vt./vi.给文章加标点}

• You should punctuate your sentences correctly to make them easier to read. ^{你应该正确地为句子加标点，使它们更容易阅读。}
• a speech punctuated by applause
• After finishing the draft, he spent some time to punctuate the article properly. ^{写完草稿后，他花了一些时间给文章加好标点。}

We would lay less stress on 'facts and figures' and more on a good memory, on applied psychology, and on the capacity of a man to get along with his fellow-citizens. ^本课

无动词分句 ^{名词或者短语，无谓语动词但发挥句子重要的成分。}

• A science reporter, he has a wide range of knowledge. 
• Bank loan or no bank loan, we’ll buy the house. 
• Master in his own house, he has little idea of when to say boo to a maître d'hôtel. 

If + S. + did / were …, S. + would / should / could / might + do … ^{虚拟语气（与事实相反）}

What would civilization be like if there were not its benefits? ^课文补全

• Without it we could not make a living.  ↔ If we didn’t have it we could not make a living. 
• There would be no living things without air.  ↔ There would be no living things if there were no air. 
• In his position, I would commit suicide.  ↔ If I were in his position, I would commit suicide. 

How would civilization be without its benefits? ^{替换引导词}
Education, what would civilization be like without its benefits? ^{去掉后置定语}

• God Almighty, where are you when the world is racked by war? ^{在无动分句后通常加一个疑问句以加强语气}

Internet technology, with its influence spreading to every corner of the world, punctuated by a wide range of applications, what would our lives be like without its benefits? ^{影响遍及全球，并且被广泛的应用所强化的因特网技术，如果没有它带来的好处的话，我们的生活将会是什么样子呢？}

• What would life be like without electricity? ^{没有电，生活会是怎样的？}
• What would the modern world be like without the Internet? ^{没有互联网，现代世界会是怎样的？}

So much is certain: that we would have doctors and preachers, lawyers and defendants, marriages and births -- but our spiritual outlook would be different.

So much is certain: that... ^{如此确定的是…（同位语的固定句式）}

• So much is certain: that the project will not be finished on time.^{如此确定的是：该项目将无法按时完成。}

spiritual outlook ^{精神面貌/精神视野}

• Our spiritual outlook would be different in a bookless world.^{在一个没有书本的世界里，我们的精神面貌将有所不同。}
• Meditation can profoundly change a person's spiritual outlook.^{冥想可以深刻地改变一个人的精神面貌。}

We would lay less stress on 'facts and figures' and more on a good memory, on applied psychology, and on the capacity of a man to get along with his fellow-citizens.

We would lay less stress on 'facts and figures' and (lay) more (stress) on a good memory, (lay more stress) on applied psychology, and (lay more stress) on the capacity of a man to get along with his fellow-citizens. ^课文补全

• It has been said that everyone lives by selling something. In the light of this statement, teachers live by selling knowledge, philosophers (live) by selling wisdom and priests (live) by selling spiritual comfort. 
• Carlyle was entirely ignorant of what the bottle in his pocket contained, (Carlyle was entirely ignorant) of the nature of the illness from which his friend was suffering, and (Carlyle was entirely ignorant) of what had previously been wrong with his wife, but a medicine … 
• For in a university, science majors look down on humanities majors, foreign language majors (look down) on Chinese majors, Chinese majors (look down) on philosophy majors, philosophy majors (look down) on sociology majors, and sociology majors (look down) on eattach importance to … ducation majors. Since education majors have no one to look down on, they can only despise the professors in their own department. ^《围城》

lay stress on... ^{强调/重视}

• The company lays great stress on customer service.^{该公司非常重视客户服务。}
• We would lay less stress on 'facts and figures' and more on a good memory.^{我们对“事实和数据”的重视会减少，而对良好的记忆力会更加重视。}

get along with... ^{与…和睦相处}

• It is important to get along with your colleagues.^{与同事和睦相处很重要。}
• He has the capacity to get along with his fellow-citizens.^{他有与同胞和睦相处的能力。}
• Despite their differences, the two neighbours get along well.^{尽管他们之间有分歧，但这两个邻居相处得很好。}

If our educational system were fashioned after its bookless past we would have the most democratic form of 'college' imaginable.

fashion ^{v.（尤指用手工）制作，使成形；塑造}

• He fashioned a toy gun from a piece of wood. 
• She fashioned a pot from the clay. ^{她用黏土制成一个罐。}
• He fashioned a whistle out of a piece of wood. ^{他用一块木头做成一个哨子。}
• He fashioned a box from some old pieces of wood. ^{他用几块旧木板手工做了一个盒子。}

fashioned ... after... ^{仿照…制作/设计}

• If you fashion your character after your brother’s, you’ll get along with your classmates. ^{按照后者改变前者}
• The new building is fashioned after an old Roman temple.^{这座新建筑是仿照一座古罗马神庙设计的。}
• Her new dress was fashioned after a latest style. ^{她的新衣服是根据一种最新款式制作的。}
• Mary has always fashioned herself after her mother. ^{玛丽总模仿她的母亲。}

able / able ^{前后都可以修饰（灵活性高）}

• He has to deduce what he can from the few scanty clues available. 
• the most civilized society imaginable 
• the most shocking spectacle conceivable 
• the most effectual measure possible 
• the most talented person available

被修饰的词前面有其它修饰时，able / ible 通常会后置。

Among tribal people all knowledge inherited by tradition is shared by all; it is taught to every member of the tribe so that in this respect everybody is equally equipped for life.

share ^{v.共享，合用；分享}

• In some moods, nature shares it. ^{有一样的，共同的}
• This shows how long it was before we deemed it necessary to make sure that all our children could share in the knowledge accumulated by the 'happy few' during the past centuries. ^本课内容

in this respect ^{在这一方面;在这点上}

• The two companies are similar in this respect: both prioritize innovation.^{这两家公司在这一方面是相似的：都优先考虑创新。}
• The two models are very similar in this respect. ^{这两款型号在这方面非常相似。}

equality in terms of receiving knowledge ^{总结：在获取知识方面的平等性}

be equipped for... ^{为…做好准备/具备…能力}

• The training program aims to ensure that all graduates are equipped for the challenges of the modern workplace.^{该培训计划旨在确保所有毕业生为现代工作场所的挑战做好准备。}
• The centre is well equipped for canoeing and mountaineering. ^{本中心有齐全的划船和登山设备。}
• Is the ship fully equipped for its voyage? ^{这条船已经为出航装备好了吗？}
• This hotel room is not equipped for cooking. ^{这家旅馆的房间不备炊具。}

It is the ideal condition of the 'equal start' which only our most progressive forms of modern education try to regain.

progressive a^{dj.进步的、先进的}

• The progressive political party campaigned for more environmental protections. ^{该进步政党致力于争取更多的环境保护措施。}
• Her progressive ideas about education reform were well-received by the board. ^{她关于教育改革的进步思想受到了委员会的好评。}

regain ^{v.recover / restore 重新获得，恢复；重回，回到（某处）}

• It took him several months to fully regain / recover / restore his health after the surgery. ^{手术后他花了几个月时间才完全恢复健康。}
• The patient was overjoyed to regain / recover / restore her sight after the successful operation. ^{手术成功后，病人因恢复视力而欣喜若狂。}
• The doctors worked quickly to regain / recover / restore his consciousness after he fainted. ^{他晕倒后，医生们迅速采取行动使他恢复了知觉。}
• She tripped on the rug but managed to regain / recover / restore her balance before falling. ^{她在地毯上绊了一一下，但在摔倒前稳住了平衡。}
• He took a deep breath to regain / recover / restore his composure before starting the speech. ^{在开始演讲前，他深吸了一口气以恢复镇静。}
• American business will regain / recover / restore its shine.^{美国商业将重获光彩。}

In primitive cultures the obligation to seek and to receive the traditional instruction is binding to all.

obligation to do sth. ^{做某事的义务/责任}

• Employees have an obligation to follow the company's code of conduct.^{员工有义务遵守公司的行为准则。}
• We have a moral obligation to protect the environment. ^{我们有道义责任保护环境。}
• She did not feel under any obligation to tell him the truth. ^{她觉得没有义务告诉他实情。}
• We do not have any legal or moral obligation to any physician. ^{我们对任何医生都没有任何法律或道义上的义务。}
• The firm has no obligation / is under no obligation / isn’t under any obligation to offer you a job. 

binding ^{adj.(协议，承诺）有约束力的，必须遵守的}

• a legally binding document 
• ...proposals for a legally binding commitment on nations to stabilize emissions of carbon dioxide. ^{…关于就稳定二氧化碳排放各国做出有法律约束力的承诺的建议。}
• Once both parties sign the document, it becomes a legally binding agreement. ^{一旦双方签署文件，它就成了具有法律约束力的协议。}

There are no 'illiterates' -- if the term can be applied to peoples without a script -- while our own compulsory school attendance became law in Germany in 1642, in France in 1806, and in England in 1876, and is still non-existent in a number of 'civilized' nations.

script ^{n.文字；脚本；剧本}

• The ancient script was finally deciphered by a team of archaeologists. ^{这套古文字最终被一支考古队破译了。}
• Many different languages in history have been written using Arab script. ^{历史上许多不同的语言都曾使用阿拉伯文字书写。}

compulsory school attendance / education / schooling ^义务教育

• The state enforces compulsory school attendance for all children under sixteen. ^{州政府对所有 16 岁以下的儿童强制执行就学规定。}
• Free compulsory education is a fundamental right in many countries. ^{在许多国家，免费义务教育是一项基本权利。}
• The age for compulsory schooling varies depending on local laws. ^{义务教育的年龄因当地法律而异。}

This shows how long it was before we deemed it necessary to make sure that all our children could share in the knowledge accumulated by the 'happy few' during the past centuries.

before ^{conj. （先）…才…;就...；然后...;宁愿..也不...}

• It will be a long time before we meet again. ^{时间比预期的长，翻译为“才...”}
• Looking at his watch, he saw that it was one o'clock, but the bell struck thirteen times before it stopped. ^才...
• I hadn’t waited long before he came. ^{比预期的时间短，翻译为“就...”}
• I shaved before I went to the party. ^{当成副词，翻译为“然后...”}
• Alfred stayed in the camp a week before he returned to Athelney. ^然后...
• I’ll die before I give in. ^{宁愿也不...“宁死不屈”}
• …, and these will ply the short wings with such irresistible power that they can bore for long distances through an opposing gale before exhaustion follows. ^直到...

the few ^{（有权有势的）少数人}

• A government should serve the many, not the few. 
• Decisions are often made by the few who control the resources. ^{决定往往是由掌控资源的少数人做出的。}

The 19th Amendment to the Constitution of the US shows how long it was before the Americans deemed it necessary to make sure that women could share in the right to vote taken by the privileged few during the past few centuries. ^阅读资料

Education in the wilderness is not a matter of monetary means. 

a / the matter / question of … ^{…的事儿/问题}

• It’s only a matter of time. 
• It’s a matter of personal taste. 
• It’s a matter of preference. 
• It’s a matter of interest. 
• It’s a matter of life and death. 
• I can’t take the money. It’s a matter of principle. 
• … it looks very much as if sleeping is not simply a matter of giving the body a rest. 
• These are partly a matter of personal circumstances, partly a matter of psychology. 

monetary means ^{金钱手段/经济能力}

• Education in the wilderness is not a matter of monetary means.^{荒野中的教育不是金钱的问题。}
• The project failed due to a lack of monetary means.^{由于缺乏经济能力，该项目失败了。}
• The charity relies on donations rather than its own monetary means.^{该慈善机构依靠捐款，而不是自身的经济能力。}

All are entitled to an equal start.

All are entitled to receive equal education. ^替换写法

be entitled to ^{有资格享有/有权获得}

• Everyone is entitled to an equal start in the primitive education system.^{在原始教育体系中，所有人都有权享有平等的起跑线。}
• All citizens are entitled to free healthcare.^{所有公民都有权获得免费医疗。}
• You may be entitled to a refund if the product is faulty.^{如果产品有缺陷，您可能有权获得退款}

There is none of the hurry which, in our society, often hampers the full development of a growing personality.

hamper ^{v.妨碍/阻碍}

• Lack of experience may hamper his progress.^{缺乏经验可能会妨碍他的进步。}
• The author contrasts the slow, careful pace of wilderness education with the hurry which, in our society, often hampers the full development of a growing personality.^{作者将荒野教育缓慢、谨慎的节奏与“在我们社会中经常妨碍成长中人格充分发展的仓促”进行了对比。}
• Bad weather will hamper rescue efforts.^{恶劣的天气将阻碍救援工作。}

There, a child grows up under the ever-present attention of his parent; therefore the jungles and the savannahs know of no 'juvenile delinquency'.

ever-present attention ^{无时不在的关注(始终在场的、从未缺席的)}

• the ever-present threat ^{始终存在的威胁}
• The child grows up under the ever-present attention of his parent.^{孩子在父母无时不在的关注下成长。}
• The problem of climate change is an ever-present concern for scientists.^{气候变化问题是科学家们一直关注的问题。}

ever-doing ^{始终、一直、持续...}

• We have to ask ourselves very seriously what will happen if this twofold use of knowledge, with its ever-increasing power, continues. 
• Companies with a lot of this type of debt are in a big hurry, willing to trade ever-decreasing velocity for expediency of delivery. ^{公司有很多此类债务，他们很着急，愿意用交付换取逐渐降低的速度。}
• We need things consumed, burned up, replaced and discarded at an ever-accelerating rate. ^{我们需要以一直在加快的速率，消费、燃烧、更换和抛弃东西。}

jungle ^{(经常出现在固定搭配中)n.（热带）丛林；弱肉强食的地方}

• After years of living in the concrete jungle of New York, he moved to a quiet farm. ^{在纽约这个水泥丛林（指拥挤、冷漠且充满竞争的大城市）生活了多年后，他搬到了一个安静的农场。}
• In the cutthroat world of international business, the law of the jungle often prevails. ^{在残酷的国际商业世界中，丛林法则（指弱肉强食、适者生存）往往占据主导地位。}

know of no... ^{不知道有…/没有…}

• The jungles and the savannahs know of no 'juvenile delinquency'.^{丛林和稀树草原不知道有“青少年犯罪”。}
• The peaceful village knows of no violence.^{这个和平的村庄不知道有暴力。}
• Verrazano, an Italian about whom little is known, sailed into New York Harbour in 1524 and named it Angouleme. 

sth. know of ^{托物抒情(无灵主语)}

• The 1980s witnessed enormous growth in the financial sector. ^{80年代见证了...}
• A gentle breeze caressed my cheeks and soothed my heart. ^{轻风拂面、抚慰我心~}

No necessity of making a living away from home results in neglect of children, and no father is confronted with his inability to 'buy' an education for his child.

No ^{位于句首，否定整句话}

• No money buys health. ^{钱买不到健康}
• No two sorts of birds practise quite the same sort of flight; the varieties are infinite; but two classes may be roughly seen. 

be confronted / faced with … ^{面对/遭遇（通常指必须处理的困难或问题）}

• The government was confronted with a severe economic crisis. ^{政府面临着严重的经济危机。}
• No father is confronted with his inability to 'buy' an education for his child.^{没有父亲会面对他无法为孩子“购买”教育的问题。}
• The government is confronted with the challenge of rising unemployment.^{政府正面临失业率上升的挑战。}
• He was suddenly confronted with the truth.^{他突然面对了真相。}