Lesson 13 The search for oil探寻石油量词 宾语后置 状语从句

The deepest holes of all are made for oil, and they go down to as much as 25,000 feet.

make a hole ^{（不强调方式）做/打一个洞}

• Make a hole and let the water escape. ^{弄一个洞，让水流出去。}
• We make a hole in the ice with an auger. ^{我们用螺旋钻在冰上钻洞。}
• Will make a hole on the upper part and fix in the grinder or what is the way. ^{你们能否在上面部分开个洞，并且正确的固定在磨床上。}

go down to / go up to ^{去往（方向或重要性）}

• I’ll go down to Hangzhou tomorrow. ^{南下去杭州}
• I’ll go up to Dalian tomorrow. ^{北上去大连}
• go down to the countryside ^{由重要的地方去次要的地方（下乡）}
• go up to town ^{由次要的地方去重要的地方(上城里去)}

as much as... ^{长宽高重深（度量表达）}

• He will be earning only half as much as he used to, but he feels that his rise in status is well worth the loss of money.
• He earned enormous sums of money and was paid as much as £ 100 for a single appearance.
• The captain of the Elkor ordered his men to salvage as much as possible from the wreck. 
•  It is a question of pride as much as anything else.

How do I love thee? Let me count the ways. I love thee to the depth and breadth and height my soul can reach. —— Elizabeth Barrett Browning

But we do not need to send man down to get the oil out, as we must (send men down) with other mineral deposits.

send sb. to do sth.   ^{打发某人去做某事}

• He was sent to buy some beer.^{他被打发去买啤酒}

as we must + (被省略的动词原型). ^{（语法）as 引导的方式状语中，主句出现的成分可省略}

• He did the task exactly as instructed.^{正如被指示的那样}
• She acted as expected.^{正如预期的那样}

The holes are only borings, less than a foot in diameter.

less than + 数词 + 计量名词 (时间、距离、金额)^还不到...

• The journey took less than 20 minutes. ^{还不到20分钟}
• I eat lots less than I used to. ^{我比以前吃得少多了。}
• He lost by less than 100 votes. ^{他以相差不到100张选票败北。}

数量限定词^{(注意：当代英语：less than渐渐取代fewer than)}

diameter ^{直径(“dia”= across  + “meter”/“metry”= measure)}

• The holes are only borings, less than a foot in diameter.
• The circle has a radius of 5 centimeters.
• The gun has a small caliber.

My particular experience is largely in oil, and the search for oil has done more to improve deep drilling than any other mining activity.

particular ^{adj. specific; individual 具体的、个人的}

• We need to focus on this particular case.^{这个具体案例}
• These are his individual problems.^{他个人的问题}
• in this particular / specific  case

largely ^{主要地、很大程度上（强调比例或程度高，但非全部）}

• His success was largely due to luck.^{很大程度上归功于运气}
• The changes were mainly due to financial pressure.
• The firm's decision to relocate was largely influenced by lower operating costs. ^{公司搬迁的决定很大程度上受到了较低运营成本的影响。}

do much / a lot / a great deal to... ^{在...做出了很大贡献}

• Though he was technically a prizefighter, Mendoza did much to change crude prizefighting into a sport, for he brought science to the game.
• The Bible does much to change the crude world into a civilized one ... ^{对把粗鄙的世界变成一个文明的世界做出了很大贡献}

Though he was technically a prizefighter, Mendoza did much to change crude prizefighting into a sport, for he brought science to the game. ^{尽管严格地说只是一本书，但圣经在把这个粗鄙的世界变成一个文明世界方面却做出了很大贡献，因为它给人类带来了信仰。}
New Concept English has done more to improve my writing skills than any other book.^{新概念英语比其他任何书对提高我写作能力的作用都大}

When it has been decided where we are going to drill, we put up at the surface an oil derrick. ^{井架放句未突出重点、承上启下(宾语后置)}

put up ^{致力起来；竖起；建造；张贴（最常用，指快速或临时地搭建）}

• They put up a tent in the field.
• They plan to put up a new fence around the garden this weekend. ^{他们计划这个周末在花园周围竖起一道新篱笆。}
• The workers erected a new fence.

It has to be tall because it is like a giant block and tackle, and we have to lower into the ground and haul out of the ground great lengths of drill pipe which are rotated by an engine at the top and are fitted with a cutting bit at the bottom.

状语前置（强调句末宾语） ^{正常语序：头重脚轻}

 … we have to lower great lengths of drill pipe which are rotated by an engine at the top and are fitted with a cutting bit at the bottom into the ground and haul them out of the ground …

课文仿写 ^{仿照地点状语前置}

Please download from the website and send to me by email the software of which we are in urgent need. ^{请把我们急需的那个软件从网站上下载下来然后通过e-mail 发送给我}

量词 (a length of...) ^{一根；一阵；一块等}

• a bar of  chocolate ^{一块巧克力}
• a bar / cake of soap  ^一块肥皂
• a slice of butter ^一片黄油
• a loaf of bread ^{一块面包 (长条)}
• a tube of toothpaste ^一管牙膏
• a cone of ice-cream ^{一卷冰淇淋}
• a bunch of grapes / bananas ^一串
• a flash / bolt of lightning  ^一道闪电
• a peal of thunder ^一声雷
• a pane of glass ^一块玻璃
• a bouquet of flowers ^一束花
• a fit of coughing ^一阵咳嗽
• a round of applause ^一阵掌声
• peals / gales of laughter  ^阵阵笑声
• a gust of wind...^一阵风

名词前有量词，形容词放在量词前 ^{【语法注意】}

• a nice cup of tea ^一杯好茶
• a beautiful stretch of field ^{一片美丽的田野}
• a stagnant / shallow pool of water ^一潭死水
• a beautiful bouquet of flowers ^{一束美丽的花}
• a nice big bar of chocolate^{一块很好的大巧克力}

The geologist needs to know what rocks the drill has reached, so every so often a sample is obtained with a coring bit.

every so often ^{时而，有时候（时间状语）}

• She's going to come back every so often. ^{她会偶尔回来一下。}
• You're bound to mistime a tackle every so often. ^{你肯定会有错估进攻时机的时候。}
• Occasionally, I enjoy reading a classic novel.
• We meet up for coffee from time to time.

It cuts a clean cylinder of rock, from which can be seen the strata the drill has been cutting through.

… from which the strata the drill has been cutting through can be seen. ^正常语序

from which... (主语后置) ^{非限定性定语从句}

• She showed me her photo album, from which I selected several pictures.^{从中我选了几张照片}
• The book presents many theories, from which we can draw several conclusions.^{从中我们可以得出几个结论}

Once we get down to the oil, it usually flows to the surface because great pressure, either from gas or water, is pushing it.

get down to... ^{下降到...；认真严肃地做某事}

• It's time to get down to business.^{是时候认真开始工作了}
• We need to get down to the fundamentals before we proceed. ^{我们需要认真研究基础知识}
• Let us get down to fundamentals and agree that the young are after all human beings -- people just like their elders.

This pressure must be under control, and we control it by means of the mud which we circulate down the drill pipe.

be under control ^{在控制之中}

• There's no need to flap—I've got everything under control. ^{不必担心—一切都已在我控制之中。}
• We've got to get the economy under control or it will literally eat us up. ^{我们必须控制住经济，否则它真地就会把我们困住。}
• He believes that from a military standpoint, the situation is under control. ^{他认为从军事角度来看，局势已得到控制。}

under + 名词 ^{在...状态之中}

• The car is under repair. ^{在修理之中}
• The castle is under attack. ^遭受攻击
• The subject is under discussion. ^讨论之中
• The matter is under consideration. ^考虑之中
• You are under arrest. ^被捕了
• The patient is under observation. ^观察之中
• The case is under investigation. ^{在调查之中}
• The bridge is under construction. ^建造之中
• The building is under renovation. ^整修之中

We endeavour to avoid the old, romantic idea of a gusher, which wastes oil and gas.

endeavor / make every endeavor to do ^{竭尽全力做某事}

• You must endeavor to improve your work. ^{你必须努力改进自己的工作。}
• We made an earnest endeavor to persuade her. ^{我们郑重其事地努力说服她。}
• This book has been an endeavor to find interesting questions. ^{本书就是寻找有趣问题的尝试。}

romantic ^{adj. impractical 不切实际的}

• Like many New Yorkers, he had a romantic image of country life.
• She has a romantic idea of what it's like to be a struggling young artist.
• That plan sounds a bit romantic and unworkable.
• We need a pragmatic approach, not a romantic one.

定语从句充当原因状语 ^{which wastes oil and gas}

• We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learn to write.

We want it to stay down the hole until we can lead it off in a controlled manner.

lead it off ^{引走；导出}

• The pipe is designed to lead the water off from the tank.
• A channel was dug to lead the excess water off the field.