精讲课 笔记随视频锁定
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右侧笔记支持独立滚动。边听名师连读拆解，边对照右侧的语法事实与统计数据笔记。

My old friend, Harrison, had lived in the Mediterranean for many years before he returned to England. §

过去完成时经常与一般过去时连用，表示过去某个动作发生前完成的动作。与过去完成时连用的表示 时间的词或词组有 when，after，as soon as，(not) until，by that time，(never) before，already，for，since， just，no sooner…than，hardly…when 等。过去完成时不能与副词 ago 连用（ago 只能与一般过去时连用）。
  • He hadn’t finished it by yesterday evening. 到昨天晚上他还没做完。
  • I’d never flown a plane at all until I flew this one!在驾驶这架飞机之前我从来没有驾驶过飞机！

He had often dreamed of retiring in England and had planned to settle down in the country.

settle down 定居，安身，安顿

  • After two years of traveling, I want to settle down now.
  • They’d like to see their daughter settle down, get married, and have kids.

dream of… 想, 梦见(梦想)，幻想，向往

long to do 渴望做某事 She longs to do something meaningful. 她渴望做一些有意义的事。
yearn to do 渴望做某事 He yearns to do what he really loves. 他渴望做自己真正热爱的事情。
think of… 想(思维的活动), 考虑 Mrs. Anne Sterling did not think of the risk she was taking when she ran through a forest after two men.

* He had no sooner returned than he bought a house and went to live there.

no sooner…than… 一…就…（关联词，引导时间状语从句，主句里常用过去完成时，than后面的从句用一般过去时）相同用法的还有 as soon as，the moment，on doing。
He had no sooner returned than he bought a house and went to live there.
had no sooner完成时的中间 … than 一般过去
As soon as he had returned , he bought a house and went to live there. As soon as 一…就…(用于句首)
他一回来就买了一所房子住了进去。(前主后从)

no sooner 放在句首就要倒装

  • No sooner had we left than the fire broke out. 我们刚一离开，火灾就发生了。
  • He had no sooner arrived than he called me up. → No sooner had he arrived than he called me up. (倒装)
  • He had no sooner returned than he bought a house and went to live there.
  • No sooner had he returned than he bought a house and went to live there. 部分倒装
  • The party had no sooner begun than he left. = The party had hardly begun when he left.
  • No sooner had the party begun than he left. = Hardly had the party begun when he left. 位于句首倒装
  • As soon as the party began / had begun, he left. = He left as soon as the party began / had begun.
  • He had no sooner heard the news than he fainted. = He had hardly heard the news when he fainted.
  • = No sooner had he heard the news than he fainted. = Hardly had he heard the news when he fainted.
  • = As soon as he (had) heard the news, he fainted. = He fainted as soon as he (had) heard the news.
no sooner 和 hardly 可置于句首, 前半句用部分倒装语序（助动词/情态动词提至主语前）。
had no sooner + done…than + did
固定用法 (时态结构 : 完成时态 + than + 一般过去时)
  • I had left the house. It began to rain. ⇒ I had no sooner left the house than It began to rain.
  • We had hung the picture on the wall.It fell down. ⇒ We had no sooner hung the picture on the wall than It fell down.
  • Yesterday I had no sooner got back to the kitchen than the doorbell rang.昨天我一回到厨房，门铃就响了。
As soon as 放到句首 + 一般过去/过去完成
hardly … when … 刚一…就…
  • Hardly had I arrived when it began to rain. 我刚一到，天就开始下雨了。
  • Hardly had he had time to settle down when he sold the house and left the country.

* Almost immediately he began to complain about the weather, for even though it was still summer, it rained continually and it was often bitterly cold.

almost immediately 几乎马上, 很快地 (时间上的快, 常用于写作)

  • Sleeping bags sold out almost immediately.睡袋几乎马上就卖完了。
  • By a stroke of fortune he found work almost immediately. 他运气好，几乎立刻找到了工作。
  • The counterattack started almost immediately. 反击几乎立刻就开始了。
1, for [ 2, 3 and 4 ] (只是初级连接示例)
第一件事

for

 第二件事 第三件事 第四件
he began to complain about the weather, it was still summer, it rained continually and it was often bitterly cold.
for(表原因时) 与 because 不同，for不能用于句首，并且在 for 后面必须重复主语：I don’t have a car, for I can’t afford it.
for conj. 因为，由于 as conj.虽然，尽管；因为，由于 because conj.（说明原因）因为，由于
for不能用于句首，后面主语不可省略 引出一个原因状语从句 because 一般跟在主句后面，强调讲话的对象可能不知道的原因。
在中文的关联词里出现了“因为”就要说“所以”，但在英文里不能成对出现的。因为在英文中有规定，在两句话里只能使用一个词去连接。
even though 事实

即使，虽然，尽管...（引导让步状语从句：明让步、暗转折)

 Even though I came here, my mind was absent. 尽管我人来了, 但我还是心不在焉
even if 假设 The villagers have told him that they will not accept the pub even if he gives it away. 
though Though the sound could be heard clearly, it took me a long time to react.在中文翻译时加“但是”更好理解。
although Although I was only six, I can remember seeing it on TV.虽然当时我只有6岁，我还能记得在电视上看见过它。
but conj. 而，相反 ... even though it was still summer, it rained continually ...
= It was still summer, but it rained continually.（even though 与 But 只能选择1个去使用）
as if / as though “好像…” 引导方式状语从句或表语从句若与事实相反或极其不可能，
从句中常用虚拟语气。
  • He talks as if he knew everything.同时发生：一般过去或过去进行
  • He said with a smile as if he were talking about an old friend. 同时发生：be动词用 were
  • I feel as if we had known each other for years. 从先主后：过去完成
  • He shouted as if he would kill me. 主先从后:would / could / might + 动词原形
  • He walks as if he is drunk. 真实语气（is 改为 were 为虚拟语气）

After so many years of sunshine, Harrison got a shock.

  • After it rained for days = after so many days of rain 在这么多天雨之后
  • After seven years of hard work, he was successful.
  • After ten years of staying in abroad, he decided to return and settle down. 

He acted as if he had never lived in England before.

as if / though + 句子 似乎, 好像
引导表示方式的状语从句，如果从句为过去完成时则是虚拟语气，描述与事实相反, 后面的条件是假的 连词 as if/though 引导方式状语从句，通常跟在描述行为举止的动词之后，如 act，appear，feel，look， smell，sound 等后面
  • He acted as if he was poor. (as if 后是真是假, 应根据上下文来看)
  • My leg hurts as if it was broken.
  • She acted as if she were mad. （虚拟语气）
  • It feels as if/though it’s going to rain.

In the end, it was more than he could bear.

  • In the end, I could not bear it.
  • In the end, we found the lost key. 最后，我们找到了丢失的钥匙。
  • Finally, he agreed to help us. 最后他同意帮助我们。
  • At last, the long holiday came. 漫长的假期终于来了。
  • He eventually passed the exam. 他最终通过了考试。

be more than one can ... 超出某人所能……；使某人难以承受

  • The noise was more than I could bear. 这噪音超出了我能忍受的范围。
  • The pain is more than I can bear.
  • The story is more than I can believe.
  • The excitement is more than I can describe.
more than
接从句表示“超过…的范围” 接比较对象表示“比…更多”
  • This piece of news is more than I can believe.
  • It was more than I could understand.
  • I can't affard it. ＝ It was more than I can affard.
  • There were more than ten people in the room.
  • I like her more than her husband.我喜欢她多于喜欢她丈夫。
  • Hay fever affects males more than females.男性感染花粉热多于女性。

He had hardly had time to settle down when he sold the house and left the country.

Hardly had he left the room when the traveler entered.hardly had sb. done when… (hardly 在句首, 要倒装)

have time to do sth. 有时间做某事

  • I have no time to talk with you. 我没时间和你说话
  • I have time enough to have coffee. 我有足够的时间喝咖啡

hardly…when… 还没来得及…就…(参考上文的 no sooner...than...)

  • He had hardly opened his eyes when he was knocked out.用法同 no sooner…than
  • Hardly had he got into the bus when it began moving.
  • No sooner had he begun speaking than he was interrupted. 他刚一开始讲话就被打断了。
这两组连词意义都和 as soon as 相近，但更正式。它们通常都与过去完成时连用。当 no sooner 和 hardly 位于句首时，后面的主谓结构都要颠倒顺序： no sooner / hardly + 助动词 + 主语 + 动词 

The dream (that/which) he had had for so many years ended there. 定语从句(关系词做宾语可省略)

think of 想到；想起 I think of my old friends sometimes. 我有时会想起我的老朋友。
hear of 听说，得知 I have heard of that story before. 我以前听说过那个故事。
learn of 获悉，得知 She learned of the news yesterday. 她昨天得知了这个消息。
know of 听说过，知道有（不一定了解详情） I know of this man, but I don’t know him. 我听说过这个人，但并不认识他。
speak of 谈及，说到 He spoke of his travel plan. 他谈到了他的旅行计划。
talk of 谈论，说起 They talked of their childhood. 他们谈起了童年往事。
read of 读到，从书中得知 I read of the event in the newspaper. 我在报纸上读到这件事。
dream of 梦想；向往 He dreams of visiting Paris. 他梦想去游览巴黎。