Lesson 17 The longest suspension bridge in the world世界上最长的吊桥虚拟语气 倒装句

Verrazano, an Italian about whom little is known, sailed into New York Harbour in 1524 and named it Angouleme.

an Italian about whom little is known ^{一位鲜为人知的意大利人}

• an Italian whom little is known about ^不够正式
• They support the cables from which the bridge has been suspended. ^{suspended from 悬挂于}

在正式书面语中，若关系代词做介词宾语，需将介词置于关系代词之前，非正式文体无此限制。

• This is the house in which I lived for 10 years. ^正式
• This is the house which I lived in for 10 years. ^非正式
• I have read the poem of which she is speaking.
• I have read the poem which she is speaking of.

about whom / which little is known ^{鲜为人知的}

• Mary and her husband Dimitri lived in Perachora, a tiny Greek village about which little is known.  ^{Mary 和她的丈夫 Dimitri 住在Perachora，一个鲜为人知的希腊小村庄。}

造句：Zhang Ji, a Chinese poet about whom little is known, once wrote a famous poem "Mooring by Maple Bridge at Night". ^{张继，一位鲜为人知的中国诗人，曾经写过一首著名的诗歌，《枫桥夜泊》}

name sb. ... ^{给某人起名（接双宾语）}

• We named our daughter Sarah.

name ... after ... ^{以...的名词命名（以…命名）}

• He was named after his father. ^{他是以他父亲的名字命名的（父子同名）}
• Bush Junior and Bush senior  ↔ George Bush senior ^老布什 ↔ George Bush Junior ^小布什
• Though Verrazano is by no means considered to be a great explorer, his name will probably remain immortal, for on November 21st, 1964, the longest suspension bridge in the world was named after him.

He described it as 'a very agreeable situation located within two small hills in the midst of which flowed a great river'.

describe ... as (being).... ^{把...描述成...}

• The man was described as (being) tall and dark, and aged about 20.
• Those who never have to move house become indiscriminate collectors of what can only be described as clutter. ^NCE3-59

in the midst of ^文言 = in the middle of  ^通俗

• in the midst of the crowd ^人群之间
• In the midst of two small hills flowed a great river. ^{还原成简单句（倒装）}
• A great river flowed in the midst of two small hills. ^正常语序

全部倒装 ^{把全部谓语置于主语之前}

表示位置或次序的状语置于句首，只要满足两个条件，要用全部倒装。①主语不是代词。②谓语动词不是及物动词。

• A subway station stands in front of a huge shopping mall.
• In front of a huge shopping mall stands a subway station. ^全部倒装

造句：这家饭馆的位置非常方便，位于一家大型购物中心的正中央，在购物中心前有一座地铁站。
The restaurant is in a very convenient situation. It is located right in the center of a huge shopping mall. A subway station stands in front of the shopping mall. ^简单句
The restaurant is in a very convenient situation located right in the center of a huge shopping mall in front of which stands a subway station. ^复合句

Though Verrazano is by no means considered to be a great explorer, his name will probably remain immortal, for on November 21^st, 1964, the longest suspension bridge in the world was named after him.

by no means = not by any means: not at all ^{绝不，决不，一点也不}

• She is by no means pretty.
• She's not a bad kid, by any means. ^{绝对不是坏孩子}
• By no means can theory be separated from practice. ^{否定位于句首引起倒装}

consider ... to be ... ^{认为...是...}

• We consider this (to be) very important.
• He was considered (to be) a weak leader.
• If you lived in the Mediterranean, for instance, you would consider octopus a great delicacy.

will remain immortal ^{将流芳百世}

• The name of Lei Feng will remain immortal. ^{将永远不朽}
• The tragic sinking of this great liner will always be remembered, for she went down on her first voyage with heavy loss of life.   ^{will always be remembered将永远被铭记}
• The tragic missing of the Malaysian airliner will always be remembered.

The Verrazano Bridge, which was designed by Othmar Ammann, joins Brooklyn to Staten Island.

join A to B ^连接A和B

• The island is joined to the mainland by a bridge. ^被动

It has a span of 4,260 feet.

have a span of ... ^跨度…

• The arch has a span of 60 meters.

of 引出具体的数字

• The platforms extend to a depth of over 100 feet under the sea.
• Above the surface of the water, the towers rise to a height of nearly 700 feet.

The bridge is so long that the shape of the earth had to be taken into account by its designer.

so ... that ... ^{如此 ... 以致于 ...}

• So long is the bridge that the shape of the earth had to be taken into account by its designer. ^{可引起部分倒装}
• The length of the bridge is such that the shape of the earth had to be taken into account by its designer.
• Such is the length of the bridge that the shape of the earth had to be taken into account by its designer. ^部分倒装
• The conditions of society are such that skills have to be paid for in the same way that goods are paid for at a shop.

take ... into account ^{把…考虑到}

• If you take inflation into account, we actually spend less now.
• We must take into account the boy's long illness. ^{避免头重脚轻，宾语可以放后面}

take account of ... ^考虑到...

• These figures do not take account of changes in the rate of inflation.  ^{固定搭配，介词后直接跟宾语(不可插入其中)}

take ... into consideration ^{考虑到，顾及某事物(指在做决定时，考虑到所有相关因素是很重要的)}

• I always take fuel consumption into consideration when buying a car. ^{宾语插入中间}
• Before we come to a decision, we must take into consideration all the relevant facts. ^{宾语较长(后置宾语)}
• The candidates' experience will be taken into consideration. ^被动

Two great towers support four huge cables.

The towers are built on immense underwater platforms made of steel and concrete.

immense ^{巨大的(写作替换上面的great)}

• The Titanic turned just in time, narrowly missing the immense wall of ice which rose over 100 feet out of the water beside her.
• As a great many people will be visiting the country, the government will be building new hotels, an immense stadium, and a new Olympic-standard swimming pool.

platform + 数字 ^X站台

• The train will depart from platform 3. 站台
• The speaker mounted the platform to denounce the policy. ^讲台

steel and concrete = ferro-concrete = reinforced concrete ^{钢筋混凝土}

• Reinforced concrete is concrete that is made with pieces of metal inside it to make it stronger. ^{钢筋混凝土}

The platforms extend to a depth of over 100 feet under the sea.

extend to a depth of ... ^深达...

• The deepest known cave in the world is the Gouffre Berger near Grenoble. It extends to a depth of 3,723 feet. ^NCE3-42

go down to as much as ... ^深达...

• The deepest holes of all are made for oil, and they go down to as much as 25,000 feet. ^NCE4-13

stand ... high ^{高度(有多高)}

• She stood three feet high and her hands rested on her hips.

rise to a height of ... ^高达...

• Above the surface of the water, the towers rise to a height of nearly 700 feet.

How do I love thee? Let me count the ways. I love thee to the depth and breadth and height my soul can reach.  — Elizabeth Barrett Browning 1806 – 1861

These alone took sixteen months to build.

alone ^{adv.仅仅…就(单单是...光是...)}

• These books alone cost me 2,000 yuan.
• Time alone will tell. ^{只有时间才能证明真相}

Persistence and determination alone are omnipotent.  — Calvin Coolidge

take (sb.) some time (to do sth.) ^花费时间

• Even if you travel in ideal weather, sea journeys take a long time. ^NCE3-44
• It took me over half an hour to get rid of him.
• The journalist immediately set out to obtain these important facts, but he took a long time to send them. ^{Take的主语可以是人花时间}

Above the surface of the water, the towers rise to a height of nearly 700 feet.

rise to a height of ... ^高达...

• A tall steel tower rising to a height of nearly 200 feet will rest on the platform.

They support the cables from which the bridge has been suspended.

Each of the four cables contains 26,108 lengths of wire.

a length of rope / pipe / wire etc. ^{一段(节、根)绳子/管子/铁丝等。}

• a sum of money ^一笔钱
• a bar of chocolate ^{一板巧克力}
• a bar / cake of soap ^一块肥皂
• a slice of butter ^一片黄油
• a loaf of bread ^一块面包
• a tube of toothpaste ^一管牙膏
• a cone of ice-cream ^{一个蛋筒冰淇淋}
• a bunch of grapes / bananas ^{一串葡萄/香蕉}
• a flash / bolt of lightning ^一道闪电
• a peal of thunder ^一阵雷声
• a gust of wind ^一阵风
• a pane of glass ^一块玻璃
• a bouquet of flowers ^一束花

It has been estimated that if the bridge were packed with cars, it would still only be carrying a third of its total capacity.

IF 型的虚拟语气

a third of ... / one-third of ... ^{...的三分之一 ⅓}

• A third of Africa is under threat of desertification. ^{三分之一的非洲大陆面临着荒漠化的威胁。}
• Nearly one third of the children were severely underweight. ^{约有三分之一的孩子曾严重体重过轻。}

two-thirds of ... ^{三分之二(⅔)的...}

• Two-thirds of the profits are given to charities.

Despite its immensity, it is both simple and elegant, fulfilling its designer's dream to create 'an enormous object drawn as faintly as possible'.

Despite its importance ^{尽管很重要(用名词更庄重)}

• Although it is immense, ... ^{尽管特别大(不如名词庄重)}
• Although it is important Despite its importance, the meeting has to be postponed.
• Despite its scarcity, water is still wasted in the country.
• Despite his cleverness, he cannot figure out how to do it.

fulfil / fulfill ^{v.圆了...实现了...达到了...}

• fulfill / realize / achieve one's dream ^{实现某人的梦想}
• one's dream come true ^梦想成真
• dream of doing sth. / to do sth. ^{梦想做某事}
• He had finally achieved his dream of becoming a pilot.
• Her dream to enter the famous university came true.