Lesson 38 Water and the traveller水和旅行者祈使句 状语从句

Contamination of water supplies is usually due to poor sanitation close to water sources, sewage disposal into the sources themselves, leakage of sewage into distribution systems or contamination with industrial or farm waste.

leakage ^{n. [U and C] when gas, water etc. leaks in or out, or the amount of it that has leaked 泄露}

• Minimize probability of data leakage. ^{最大程度地减少出现数据漏洞的可能。}
• Leakage and removal. ^{泄露和消除。}
• Coolant system leakage, secondary failure. ^{冷却剂系统的泄露，次级失效。}
• When you drill offshore, you always have leakage. ^{当你在海上钻井，总会有泄漏发生。}
• The public works department is responsible for preventing the leakage of sewage into the streets.^{公共工程部门负责防止污水渗漏到街道中。}

distribute ⇒ distribution ^{n.分/销/发/配，配送}

• As administrative overheads rise, so the earnings of the business after meeting the expense of administration, will fall; and the business will have less money to distribute as dividends or invest directly in its future progress and development.
• Some of the victims are complaining loudly about the uneven distribution of emergency aid. ^{一些受害者正大声地抱怨紧急援助的不均衡分配。}
• How do I know its charge distribution? ^{我怎么知道它的电荷分布呢？}

with ^{prep. because of  因为}

• She was shivering with cold.
• My hands are rough with work.
• Anna was scarcely able to stand with exhaustion.

waste ^{n. [U] unwanted materials or substances that are left after you have used something 垃圾，废料}

• The local council has introduced new bins to encourage the recycling of household waste. ^{当地委员会引入了新垃圾桶以鼓励生活垃圾的回收。}
• Strict laws prevent factories from dumping industrial waste into the nearby river. ^{严格的法律禁止工厂将工业废物排入附近的河流。}
• Specialized containers are required for the safe transport of hazardous chemical waste. ^{安全运输危险化学废物需要专门的容器。}

contamination of... ^…的污染

• The company was fined heavily for the contamination of the local river.^{该公司因污染当地河流而被重罚。}
• The soil contamination of the farmland made it unsuitable for growing crops.^{农田的土壤污染使其不适合种植农作物。}

be due to sth. ^{是由于/归因于}

• The cancellation of the flight was due to severe weather.^{航班的取消是由于恶劣的天气。}
• His success is largely due to his perseverance.^{他的成功很大程度上归因于他的毅力。}

Even if a piped water supply is safe at its source, it is not always safe by the time it reaches the tap.

pipe ^{v. to send a liquid or gas through a pipe to another place 用管道输送}

• villages with no piped water
• Eighty per cent of sewage is piped directly into the sea. 

piped water supply ^{管道供水/自来水供应}

• The village finally got access to a reliable piped water supply.^{这个村庄终于获得了可靠的管道供水。}
• The new development includes an underground piped water supply system.^{这个新的开发项目包括一个地下管道供水系统。}

… by the time when / that / at which it reaches the tap. ^{定语从句省略关系代词}

by the time... ^{等到…的时候}

• By the time we arrived at the station, the train had already left.^{等到我们到达车站的时候，火车已经离开了。}
• You must finish the report by the time the manager returns from her trip.^{你必须在经理出差回来的时候完成报告。}

Intermittent tap-water supplies should be regarded as particularly suspect.

intermittent ^{(adj.) 间歇性的/断断续续的}

• The patient experienced intermittent fever throughout the night.^{患者整晚都有间歇性的发烧。}
• We are having trouble with an intermittent signal from the satellite.^{我们正面临着来自卫星的间歇性信号问题。}

be regarded as + adj. ^{被视为/被认为是(形容词做宾语，省略了being)}

• The old treaty is no longer regarded as legally binding.^{这份旧条约不再被视为具有法律约束力。}
• His early work is widely regarded as his most influential.^{他的早期作品被广泛认为是他最具影响力的。}

suspect ^{(adj.) 可疑的/不可信的}

• …, or the sheriff made suspect by vicious gossip; …
• The police found a suspect package outside the embassy.^{警方在大使馆外发现了一个可疑包裹。}
• He gave a rather suspect explanation for his absence yesterday.^{他对昨天的缺席给出了一个相当可疑的解释。}

Travellers on short trips to areas with water supplies of uncertain quality should avoid drinking tap-water, or untreated water from any other source.

of … quality ^{高质量的；优质的}

• goods of the highest quality ^做定语
• Much of the land was of poor quality. ^做表语
• The photos are of variable quality.
• The remote village had water supplies of uncertain quality, prompting health warnings.^{这个偏远村庄的供水质量不确定，引发了健康警告。}
• It's recommended to boil the water due to water supplies of uncertain quality in the region.^{由于该地区供水质量不确定，建议将水烧开。}

untreated ^{adj. 1. describes a substance that is not cleaned and has not had special substances added to protect it or make it safe to use 未处理的}

• Drinking untreated water can lead to serious gastrointestinal problems.^{饮用未经处理的水可能导致严重的胃肠道问题。}
• The park advises visitors not to drink the untreated water from the stream.^{公园建议游客不要饮用溪流中未经处理的水。}

untreated ^{adj. 2. not receiving medical treatment 未治疗的}

• This condition may become permanent if left untreated.
• If untreated, the illness can become severe. ^{若不加以治疗，病情就可能会变得很严重。}
• If left untreated, decay goes deeper and deeper into the tooth. ^{如果不及时治疗，蛀牙会越来越深。}

avoid doing sth. ^{避免做某事}

• She always tries to avoid eating late at night.^{她总是尽量避免深夜进食。}
• To prevent injury, players must avoid making direct contact with the head.^{为了防止受伤，运动员必须避免头部直接接触。}

It is best to keep to hot drinks, bottled or canned drinks of well-known brand names -- international standards of water treatment are usually followed at bottling plants.

it is best (= It is wise) to do sth. ^{最好做某事；做某事是明智的}

• It's best to go by bus.
• It's best to go later in the season.
• It's best to get to the supermarket early.
• It is best to consult a specialist before starting any new medication. ^{在开始服用任何新药之前，咨询专家是最明智的。}

keep to = stick to ^{坚持，遵守，不放弃，不偏离}

• Keep to the speed limits.
• It's best to keep to the track―the land is very boggy around here. 
• We should try to keep to the original schedule as closely as possible.^{我们应该尽量坚持原来的时间表。}
• During the fast, he decided to keep to a diet of only liquids.^{在禁食期间，他决定只局限于液体饮食。}

bottled ^{adj. sold in a bottle 瓶装售卖的}

• Some connoisseurs prefer bottled beer over canned beer, claiming it tastes fresher. ^{一些鉴赏家相比罐装啤酒更喜欢瓶装啤酒，声称其味道更鲜美。}
•  In areas where tap water is unsafe, bottled water is the only reliable source for drinking. ^{在自来水不安全的地区，瓶装水是唯一的可靠饮水源。}

canned ^{adj. (Br.E .also tinned) (of food) preserved in a can 罐装的}

• Canned food is a convenient option for camping trips or emergency supplies. ^{对于野营旅行或应急物资来说，罐装食品是一个便捷的选择。}
• She quickly heated up a tin of canned soup for a simple lunch. ^{她很快热了一罐浓汤作为简单的午餐。}

brand name ^{n. [C] the name given to a product by the company that makes it = trade name  商标名称}

• The store carries products only from well-known brand names.^{这家商店只销售知名品牌名称的产品。}
• Make your brand name memorable. ^{让品牌名过目难忘。}
  
• Brand Name can never contain a digit.^{品牌名称决不能包含数字。}

international standards of water treatment ^{水处理的国际标准}

• International standards of water treatment are usually followed at bottling plants.^{装瓶厂通常会遵守水处理的国际标准。}
• The factory proudly complies with all international standards of water treatment.^{这家工厂自豪地遵守所有水处理的国际标准。}

be followed at... ^{在…处被遵守/遵循}

• Strict hygiene protocols must be followed at all times in the kitchen.^{厨房里必须始终遵守严格的卫生规程。}
• The company policy must be followed at every branch globally.^{公司政策必须在全球的每个分支机构都被遵循。}

standards of ^{...的标准（习惯用复数）}

• The EU should set minimum standards of employee rights.
• We aim to maintain high standards of customer care.

follow … standard(s) ^{遵循...标准}

• All manufacturers must follow strict safety standards when producing toys. ^{所有制造商在生产玩具时必须遵循严格的安全标准。}
• Follow standard operating procedures and your personal minimums. ^{按照标准操作程序和个人最低标准进行操作。}
• Analyzing risk of process system need follow standard procedure and international standard. ^{对系统进行风险分析，需依照标准流程，遵照国际标准进行。}

bottling plant  ^{a plant where beverages are put into bottles with caps（饮料）灌瓶厂}

• Somalia is in the midst of a decades-long civil war, and though soda gets in via boat, the bottling plant is closed. ^{索马里在几十年的内战里，尽管苏打汽水通过船入境，但灌装基地紧闭着。}
• coca cola bottling plant ^{可口可乐装瓶厂}

Carbonated drinks are acidic, and slightly safer.

carbonated ^{adj. (of a drink) containing small bubbles of carbon dioxide 含二氧化碳的，起泡的}

• High consumption of carbonated drinks is often linked to dental problems. ^{大量饮用碳酸饮料通常与牙齿问题有关。}
• He prefers carbonated mineral water over still water for its refreshing bubbles. ^{比起纯净水，他更喜欢碳酸矿泉水，因为它有清爽的气泡。}
• The doctor advised her to reduce her intake of carbonated drinks.^{医生建议她减少碳酸饮料的摄入量。}
• Most carbonated drinks contain a lot of sugar and artificial flavorings.^{大多数碳酸饮料含有大量糖分和人工调味剂。}

carbonate ^{v. to charge (a beverage, for example) with carbon dioxide gas 给（例如饮料）充二氧化碳气体}

• The factory uses specialized equipment to carbonate the beverages before bottling. ^{工厂在装瓶前使用专业设备给饮料充二氧化碳。}
• Sea life makes carbonate shells from this runoff. ^{海洋生物使碳酸盐的壳流失。}

acidic ^{adj. contain acid 酸性的}

• Dissolved carbon dioxide makes the water more acidic.
• The soil in this area is highly acidic, making it unsuitable for certain crops.^{这个地区的土壤酸性很高，使其不适合种植某些作物。}
• Lemon juice is very acidic.^{柠檬汁酸性很强。}

Make sure that all bottles are opened in your presence, and that their rims are clean and dry.

make sure that... ^{确保/务必做到…}

• Please make sure that all windows are closed before leaving the house.^{离开房子前，请务必确保所有窗户都关好了。}
• The manager will make sure that the team has all the necessary resources.^{经理将确保团队拥有所有必要的资源。}

presence ^{n. [U] being present in a place 出席，在场}

• We enjoy staring at them entranced as they go about their business, unaware (we hope) of our presence.
• Everything around him was full of her presence, continually reopening the wound.

in one's presence ^{在某人面前/某人到场时}

• She asked them not to discuss the matter in her presence. 
• The will was signed in the presence of two witnesses.^{遗嘱是在两名证人的面前签署的。}
• Children should always be well-behaved in the presence of their elders.^{孩子们在长辈面前应该始终表现良好。}
• She felt quite nervous in the principal's presence during the interview. ^{在面试过程中，她在校长面前感到非常紧张。}

rims ^{n.（圆形物体的）边沿;一圈；轮辋，}

• As the heads of next-generation start-ups, these Asian innovators can draw on customs and languages to forge righter links with crucial Pacific Rim markets.
• Before serving, check that the glass rims are clean and dry.^{在上菜前，检查玻璃杯的边缘是否干净和干燥。}
• She looked at him over the rim of her glass. ^{她沿玻璃杯口看着他。}

Boiling is always a good way of treating water.

way of doing sth. ^{做某事的方法}

• Is there any way of contacting you while you're in Africa?
• Learning new vocabulary is a good way of improving language skills.^{学习新词汇是提高语言技能的好方法。}
• Meditation is considered a good way of reducing stress.^{冥想被认为是减轻压力的好方法。}

Some hotels supply boiled water on request and this can be used for drinking, or for brushing teeth.

boiled water ^{n. 开水(煮开过的水)}

• Here's some boiled water. Have a drink whenever you're thirsty. ^{这里有开水，渴了请随便喝。}
• We usually drink cold boiled water. ^{我们通常喝凉开水。}
• We ought to drink more boiled water. ^{我们应该多喝点开水。}

on request  ^{when asked for 一经要求}

• Further details will be sent on request.
• The library will supply specific books on request if they are not on the shelf.^{如果书架上没有，图书馆会应要求提供特定的书籍。}
• The service desk can supply extra towels on request.^{服务台可以应要求提供额外的毛巾。}

be used for (doing) sth. ^{被用于做某事}

• They were using animals for scientific experiments.
• Bob uses the van for picking up groceries.
• This specific knife is used for cutting bread only. ^{这把特制的刀仅用于切面包。}
• The new software can be used for complex data analysis.^{这个新软件可以用于复杂的数据分析。}
• The small room is usually used for storage.^{这间小房间通常被用于储藏。}

Portable boiling elements that can boil small quantities of water are useful when the right voltage of electricity is available.

portable ^{adj. able to be carried or moved easily 便携式的}

• The laser is no nifty portable: it's a monster that takes up a whole room. ^{激光并不小巧便携：它是可以占据整个房间的庞然大物。}
• Now portable drilling machines are set up and are then dismantled and removed. ^{现在便携式钻机安装之后，要被拆卸移除。}
• He always travels with a portable boiling element to make coffee.^{他旅行时总是带着一个便携式煮沸器来煮咖啡。}

element ^{n. [C] part of an electric kettle, etc. that gives out heat 电阻丝（电壶等供热的部分）}

• If the kettle stops heating, the heating element might be burnt out. ^{如果水壶不发热了，可能是加热元件烧坏了。}
• In order to make it safe, the element is electrically insulated. ^{为安全起见，该元件做了绝缘处理。}

Refuse politely any cold drink from an unknown source.

refuse politely ^{礼貌地拒绝}

• It is important to refuse politely if you are offered something you do not want.^{如果你被提供了你不想要的东西，礼貌地拒绝是很重要的。}
• She had to refuse politely the invitation to the party due to a prior commitment.^{由于事先有约，她不得不礼貌地拒绝了派对的邀请。}

unknown source ^未知来源

• The police are investigating the origins of the package from an unknown source.^{警方正在调查这个来自未知来源的包裹的来源。}
• Never eat food that comes from an unknown source.^{永远不要吃来自未知来源的食物。}

Ice is only as safe as the water from which it is made, and should not be put in drinks unless it is known to be safe.

know … to do sth. ^{知道/认为某人或某事…}

• We know that she is honest. ⇒ We know her to be honest.
• What the child cannot forgive is the parents’ refusal to admit these charges if the child knows them to be true.
• I have never known him to be late for a meeting before. ^{我以前从未见过他开会迟到。}

be made from/of ^{由…制成(看不出来)/构成（根据语境选择 from 或 of）}

• Wine is made from grapes. ^{葡萄酒是用葡萄做的。}
• Steel is made from iron. ^{钢是由铁炼成的。}
• There's money to be made from tourism. ^{旅游业非常有利可图。}

Drinks can be cooled by placing them on ice rather than adding ice to them.

rather than ^{常译为“而不是”，其词性比较灵活，在后面跟动名词短语时，一般视为介词。}

• She was angry rather than being pleased.
• We ought to check up, rather than just accepting what he says.

rather than ^{后不加动名词时一般将其视为“准并列连词”，用于连接词性相同的词项。}

• She telephoned rather than wrote.
• John ought to go rather than Jean.
• He is to be pitied rather than to be disliked.
• I’m going to forget the whole affair, rather than cause trouble.

Alcohol may be a medical disinfectant, but should not be relied upon to sterilize water.

alcohol ^{n. 1. [U] the colorless liquid that is found in drinks such as beer, wine, etc. and is used in medicines, cleaning products, etc. = ethanol 酒精，乙醇}

• Wine usually contains about 10% alcohol.
• levels of alcohol in the blood
• Choose an alcohol-free skin toner if you have dry skin.

alcohol ^{n. 2. [U] drinks containing this 含酒精的饮料，酒prohibit the sale of alcohol.}

• I never touch alcohol.
• For many young people drinking alcohol is a sign of 'growing up'. 

sterilize ^{v. 1. to make sth. completely clean by killing any bacteria in it  消毒}

• Sterilize the bottles with boiling water.
• Boiling is an effective way to sterilize water for drinking.^{煮沸是一种给饮用水消毒的有效方式。}
• The equipment is designed to sterilize water using UV light.^{该设备设计成使用紫外线给水消毒。}

sterilize ^{v. 2. if a person or animal is sterilized, they have an operation to stop them producing babies 使绝育}

• My wife was sterilized after the birth of her fourth child.
• We do not sterilize land in perpetuity. ^{对土地没有永久性损害。}
• Cockroach sterilization agent can sterilize cockroach and can be new insecticide against cockroach. ^{蟑螂绝育剂能够使蟑螂绝育，可以作为一种新型灭蟑药物。}

Ethanol is more effective at a concentration of 50-70 per cent; below 20 per cent, its bactericidal action is negligible.

小常识：95% 或者 100% 的酒精一碰到细菌，会瞬间凝固细菌表面蛋白，像给其裹上一层坚硬的保护壳，酒精进不去内里，则杀不死细菌，而75%左右的浓度，杀菌效果最好。

concentration ^{n. [C] the amount of a substance contained in a liquid 浓度}

• allowable concentrations of pesticides in drinking water
• High concentrations of toxic elements were found in the polluted areas of the sea.
• No studies found that eating breakfast was bad for concentration. ^{没有研究发现吃早餐不利于注意力的集中。}
• The cleaning agent is most effective at a concentration of 1:10 with water.^{这种清洁剂在与水以 1:10 的浓度下最有效。}

bactericidal action ^{杀菌作用；杀菌效果}

• The drug's bactericidal action rapidly eliminated the infection.^{这种药物的杀菌作用迅速消除了感染。}
• The drug has different degrees of effects on 11 species of bacteria tested in the bacteriostasis and bactericidal action.^{该药物对受试的11种病原菌都有不同程度的杀菌、抑菌作用。}
• The higher the surface voltage, the greater the effect of bacteriostasis or bactericidal action of electret on staphylococci aureus. ^{驻极体的表面电位越高，对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌效果越好。}

action ^{n. the effect that a substance, esp. a chemical, has on sth. 作用，效果，影响}

• the action of alcohol on the liver
• the action of certain chemicals on the brain

be negligible ^{adj. of very little importance or size and not worth considering = insignificant 微不足道的}

• The cost was negligible.
• The risk of contamination is negligible with proper handling.^{在正确操作下，污染的风险可以忽略不计。}
• The price difference between the two models is negligible.^{这两个型号之间的价格差异可以忽略不计。}

Spirits labelled 95 proof contain only about 47 per cent alcohol.

spirit ^{n. [C usually plural] a strong alcoholic drink such as whisky or brandy 烈性酒}

• I don't drink spirits.
• Whisky, brandy and rum are all spirits.

label ^{v. to attach a label onto sth. or write information on sth. 给（某事物） 加标签或标记}

• The file was labelled ‘Top Secret’.
• You should check the expiry date on goods labelled 'fresh'.^{你应该检查标记为“新鲜”的商品的保质期。}
• The product is one of the many items labelled 'organic' in the supermarket.^{该产品是超市里许多标记为“有机”的物品之一。}

proof ^{n. a measurement of the strength of some types of alcoholic drink, esp. spirits 酒的度数}

• _(Br.E.) 70% proof vodka ( = that contains 70% pure alcohol)   
• _(Am.E.) 70 proof vodka ( = that contains 35% pure alcohol)

contain only about... ^{仅含有大约…}

• The sample was surprisingly pure and contained only about a trace of impurities.^{这个样品出奇地纯净，仅含有大约微量的杂质。}
• The small bottle of medication contains only about ten doses.^{这小瓶药仅含有大约十剂。}

Beware of methylated alcohol, which is very poisonous, and should never be added to drinking water.

beware ^{adj. (used only in the infinitive and imperative 仅用于不定式及祈使句) used to warn someone to be careful because sth. is dangerous 当心，提防}

• Motorists have been warned to beware of icy roads.
• Beware of saying anything that might reveal where you live.
• Travellers should beware of pickpockets in crowded tourist areas.^{旅行者应提防拥挤旅游区的小偷。}
• Please beware of the wet floor after the cleaning staff have finished.^{清洁人员完成后，请提防湿滑的地面。}

If no other safe water supply can be obtained, tap water that is too hot to touch can be left to cool and is generally safe to drink.

leave sth. to do sth. ^{丢下/搁置某事去做另一件事}

• Leave the rice to cook for 20 minutes.
• He decided to leave his homework to watch the football match. ^{他决定放下作业去看足球比赛。}
• The fresh-baked bread should be left to cool completely before slicing.^{新鲜出炉的面包应该完全放凉后再切片。}

can be obtained ^{可以获得/取得}

• Further information about the product can be obtained from the company website.^{有关该产品的更多信息可以从公司网站上获得。}
• The necessary permit can be obtained at the town hall.^{必要的许可证可以在市政厅取得。}
• He had obtained the membership of the Mechanic Club. ^{他已经取得了技工俱乐部的成员资格。}

Those planning a trip to remote areas, or intending to live in countries where drinking water is not readily available, should know about the various possible methods for making water safe.

remote ^{adj. far from towns or other places where people live = isolated 偏远的，与世隔绝的}

• We always assume that villagers in remote places are friendly and hospitable.
• In remote mountain areas, voters arrived on horseback. ^{在偏远山区，选民们是骑着马来的。}
• Nichols set off for his remote farmhouse in Connecticut. ^{尼科尔斯启程前往他位于康涅狄格州的偏远农舍。}

easily / readily available ^{易于得到的；随处可见的}

• Parking is readily available near the station entrance.
• The information is easily available on the Internet.
• The Moon is likely to become the industrial hub of the Solar System, supplying the rocket fuels for its ships, easily obtainable from the lunar rocks in the form of liquid oxygen.
• Information on almost any topic is now readily available on the internet. ^{现在互联网上几乎任何话题的信息都触手可及。}

knows about sth. ^{If you know about a subject, you have studied it or taken an interest in it, and understand part or all of it. 对于……熟悉，通晓，懂行}

• I have a friend who knows about antiques.
• Hire someone with experience, someone who knows about real estate.
• The engineer needs to know about the various possible methods for solving the stability issue.^{工程师需要了解解决稳定性问题的各种可能方法。}

method for / of (doing) sth. ^{做某事的方法（侧重于目的或适用性）}

• effective methods for the storage and retrieval of information
• Vaccination is one of the most effective methods for preventing disease.
• There is no quicker method of disposing of patients than by giving them what they are asking for, …
• Apart from moral considerations this is a stupid method of training, …
• The scientist developed a new method for detecting early-stage diseases. ^{科学家开发出一种用于检测早期疾病的新方法。}