Lesson 10 Silicon valley硅谷单元复习 后置定语

Silicon valley

Silicon Valley a region of western California, south of San Francisco; It is a center of the computer industry. Many important inventions were made in this area, and many companies producing computer software and hardware are based there. It is called Silicon Valley because the computer industry is based on the silicon chip.

California ^{加利福尼亚（美国西部州名）}

California n. a state in the western United states, bordering the Pacific Ocean, the third largest state in the country.

Technology trends may push Silicon Valley back to the future.

trend ^{n. a general tendency in the way a situation is changing or developing 趋势；潮流}

• The current trend is towards remote work.
• We need to follow the latest fashion trends.
• There is a growing trend for healthier eating.

push back ^推向

• Scientists continue to push back the boundaries of human knowledge. ^{科学家不断扩大人类知识的范围。}
• It will push back. ^{它要推动你。}
• The firm wanted to push back the deadline but was refused. ^{公司想推迟截止日期，但遭到了拒绝。}

Carver Mead, a pioneer in integrated circuits and a professor of computer science at the California Institute of Technology, notes there are now workstations that enable engineers to design, test and produce chips right on their desks, much the way an editor creates a newsletter on a Macintosh.

California Institute of Technology (CIT) ^{加州理工学院（高等院校）}

• She received her degree from the California Institute of Technology.
• Harvard University is one of the oldest universities in the US.
• He is a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
• He once studied at Stanford University in the United States. ^{他曾在美国斯坦福大学学习。}
• The Nobel Prize for Chemistry was awarded to Melvin Calvin of the University of California at Berkeley (UC Berkeley) . ^{美国加利福尼亚大学的梅尔文·卡尔文获得诺贝尔化学奖。}

note ^{注意到(notice or pay attention to sth.)；提及、说、谈到(mention sth. because it is important or interesting )}

• Note how she is holding her racket.
• The speaker noted that the economy was improving.
• He noted a slight change in her expression.

workstation ^{n.工作站(a desk for one person to work at, usually with a computer or computer terminal )}

• The engineers each have a powerful workstation on their desk.
• He spends all day at his workstation developing software.
• The design team needs new high-performance workstations.

enable sb. to do ^{使某人能做某事}

• New technology enables us to communicate instantly. ^{使我们能够交流}
• Protect students from social pressures and enable them to face the world. ^{保护学生免受社会压力，使他们能够面对世界。}
• He worked hard to enable the American colonies to gain independence from Britain. ^{他努力使美国殖民地脱离英国从而获得独立。}

newsletter ^{时事通讯；简报 a printed report sent regularly to a particular group of people}

• An editor creates a newsletter on a Macintosh.
• The club sends out a weekly newsletter to its members.
• I subscribed to their email newsletter to get updates.

Macintosh ^{苹果电脑 (Mac) personal computer, developed by Apple Computer Corporation in 1984. It pioneered the use of a graphical interface.}

• She prefers using a Macintosh for graphic design.
• The software is compatible with Macintosh operating systems.
• The first Mac personal computer was developed in 1984.

much the way... ^{与...差不多；正如...那样(做状语，语言习惯高于语法规则)}

语法、语言习惯（the way + 定语从句）在句中做方式状语；约定俗成的固定搭配

• The steak is cooked the way I like it. ^{正如...那样（in the way 省略了in）}
• The patient's situation is much the same.^{情况差不多}

Internet technology enables you to make purchases at home, much the way you do in regular shops.  ^{因特网技术可以使你能够在家中购物，这与你在普通商店买东西差不多。}

As the time and cost of making a chip drop to a few days and a few hundred dollars, engineers may soon be free to let their imaginations soar without being penalized by expensive failures.

drop / fall / decrease (to...)  ^{下降（到）...}

• The price dropped to a new low.
• Temperatures will fall to a minimum of 10 degrees. ^{气温会降到最低点10度。}
• Her voice will drop to a dismissive whisper. ^{她的声音将要降低成轻视性的低语。}

暗喻 Metaphor ^{(喻体全隐式) 通过动词联想喻体}

• ...engineers may soon be free to let their imaginations soar without being penalized by expensive failures.
• His hunger gnawed at him.
• Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed and some few to be chewed and digested.

Mead predicts that inventors will be able to perfect powerful customized chips over a weekend at the office -- spawning a new generation of garage start-ups and giving the U. S. a jump on its foreign rivals in getting new products to market fast.

foretell / predict ^预言...

• It is impossible to foretell the exact nature of the difficulties which will confront the pot-holer.
• ...an Englishman, Leon Bagrit, was able to predict some of the uses of computers which we know today.
• Timely snow foretells a bumper harvest. ^{瑞雪兆丰年}

perfect ^{使完美；使熟练}

• The violinist spent years perfecting his technique.^{完善他的技术}
• He is determined to perfect his English pronunciation.^{完善他的英语发音}
• She worked hard to perfect the presentation.^{使演示文稿完美}

start-up ^{小型、新诞生的公司 a new small company, esp. one whose work involves computers or the Internet}

• He joined an Internet start-up right after college.
• The new policy aims to encourage more technology start-ups.
• A new generation of garage start-ups will be spawned.

get a jump on sb. ^{得到了超越某人的优势}

• The US gained a jump on its foreign rivals^{获得了超越其外国竞争对手的优势}.

'We've got more garages with smart people,' Mead observes. 'We really thrive on anarchy.'

thrive on sth. ^{因...蓬勃发展；在...中旺盛生长（尤指别人不喜欢的事物）}

• He thrives on criticism. ^{他因批评而蓬勃发展(越挫越勇)}
• I wouldn’t want much pressure, but she seems to thrive on pressure.
• Some plants thrive on poor soil. ^{一些植物在贫瘠的土壤中旺盛生长}

anarchy ^{（派生）看似比较混乱的状态}

• The company operates in a state of creative anarchy.^{创造性的混乱状态}
• The sudden collapse of government led to complete anarchy.^{彻底的混乱}
• They believe that the current anarchy is necessary for innovation.

And on Asians.

承接上文，言下之意：We also thrive on Asians.

Already, orientals and Asian Americans constitute the majority of the engineering staffs at many Valley firms.

constitute ^{组成、构成、形成}

• One hundred members constitute / make up / compose / comprise the committee.
• Women make up about 50% of the workforce.
• The committee comprises^由...构成 / is made up of^由...构成 / is composed of^由...组成 / consists of^由...组成 100 members.
• Women make up about half of the university's student population. ^{女性组成了该大学学生总数的大约一半。组成、构成、形成（主动语态）}

majority 、minority ^{表达“大多数、少数” 比例表达}

• The new exam mocked the needs of the majority of children. ^{新的考试无视大多数孩子的需要。}
• Although the Yakutians are a minority, they have firm control of the territory. ^{虽然雅库特人是少数，但他们却牢牢地控制着这个地区。}

engineering ^{工程，工程学}

• He is studying biological engineering at university.
• She works in software engineering.
• The bridge is a marvel of modern engineering.

And Chinese, Korean, Filipino and Indian engineers are graduating in droves from California's colleges.

Korean ^{韩国人的/语；朝鲜人的/语(the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK)  朝鲜)}

• She is learning the Korean language.
• The two countries are the Republic of Korea and the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK).
• He is an exchange student from a Korean university.

Filipino ^{菲律宾人/语；菲律宾的}

• Many Filipino nurses work abroad.
• He speaks both English and Filipino.
• The capital of the Philippines is Manila.

As the heads of next-generation start-ups, these Asian innovators can draw on customs and languages to forge tighter links with crucial Pacific Rim markets.

draw on sth. ^{凭借；利用；动用 to use sth. for a particular purpose}

• It was a challenge, but luckily we had the experience to draw on.
• The author drew on her own childhood for the novel.
• They had to draw on their savings to pay the bills.

rim ^边，边缘

• The company focuses on Pacific Rim markets.
• We are studying the climate patterns of the Pacific Rim weather.
• The plate had a gold rim.

For instance, Alex Au, a Stanford Ph. D. from Hong Kong, has set up a Taiwan factory to challenge Japan's near lock on the memory-chip market.

Ph.D. (PhD) ^{哲学博士；泛指博士(Doctor of Philosophy)}

• She is studying for her Ph.D. in literature.
• He earned his doctor of philosophy degree at Oxford.
• The project requires someone with a PhD in chemistry.

a lock on sth. ^{对于...的控制、垄断}

• Japan has a near lock on the memory-chip market.^{对内存芯片市场近乎垄断的控制}
• The company has a complete lock on the local telecom market.^{对本地电信市场完全垄断}
• They are trying to get a lock on the new technology.^{控制新的技术}

India-born N. Damodar Reddy's tiny California company reopened an AT&T chip plant in Kansas City last spring with financing from the state of Missouri.

AT&T ^{美国电话电报公司（美国最大的电信公司）}

American Telephone and Telegraph the largest telecommunications company in the United States, based in New York City.

financing ^资助

• The project secured necessary financing from the bank.
• The company reopened the plant with financing from the state of Missouri.
• They are looking for external financing. ^外部资助

Before it becomes a retirement village, Silicon Valley may prove a classroom for building a global business.

business ^{公司（可数）；商业、生意（不可数）}

• She runs a small catering business.
• He is trying to learn more about international business.
• They own several successful businesses in the city. ^公司