Lesson21 Williams S. Hart and the early 'Western' film威廉 • S. 哈特和早期 “西部” 影片强调句 形式宾语

American ^{课文背景介绍}

In searching for a subject unique to the young nation some American writers of the 19th century turned to the land itself ―the vast, largely untamed territory that stretched from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean.

As settlement moved westward from the eastern seaboard, the West came to symbolize the qualities associated with that land―open, wild and full of opportunity.

Artists of all kinds found this symbol so evocative that a new genre emerged in literature and other arts: the Western. It’s mainly about life in the 19^th century in the American West, especially the lives of cowboys.

In 1903, Edwin S. Porter produced a short silent film, the Great Train Robbery, whose theme, crime and retribution, became a standard of Western filmmaking for 75 years.

The western film reached the height of its popularity from 1930 to 1950. After 1950 television Westerns drew audiences away from big-screen Westerns.

William S. Hart ^{主人公介绍}

William S. Hart is noted for his insistence on realism in Westerns based on his own life in Dakota Territory. Hart directed and starred in silent movies from 1914 until 1925.

Hart was followed by the most influential of all Western filmmakers, John Ford. 

Ford’s 1939 movie Stagecoach introduced John Wayne as the perfect example of the tough, taciturn Western cowboy, who became an icon of the movie Western.

In the 1950s, Western films were joined by a subcategory, the adult Western. It focused more on the psychology of the characters than on action. A classic example of the genre is High Noon, starring Gary Cooper.

In the 1970s and 1980s Westerns began to lose box-office appeal because social protest movements caused many Americans to question the cultural values presented in Westerns.

However, in the early 1990s, two Westerns won Academy Awards for best picture. One is Dances with wolves (1990), directed by Kevin Costner.

The other is Unforgiven (1992), directed by Clint Eastwood. Westerns were resurrected.

William S. Hart was, perhaps, the greatest of all Western stars, for unlike Gary Cooper and John Wayne he appeared in nothing but Westerns.

appear / act / perform in a film / movie ^出演电影

• She will appear in a film directed by a famous director next year. ^{她明年将出演一部由著名导演执导的电影。} 
• He has always dreamed of acting in a movie alongside his idol. ^{他一直梦想着能和他的偶像一起出演电影。}
• The lead actor gave an incredible performance in the film. ^{这位主角在电影中贡献了令人难以置信的表演。}

nothing but ... ^{仅仅，只不过（=only）}

• Nothing but  a miracle can save her now.
• You are nothing but a thief.
• The room contained nothing but a bed and a small table. ^{房间里仅仅只有一张床和一张小桌子。}

From 1914 to 1924 he was supreme and unchallenged. ^{同义词连用(加强语气)}

supreme and unchallenged ^{至高无上的，无可匹敌的（同义词连用，加强语气）}

• The company maintained its supreme position in the market.
• Her authority on the subject remains unchallenged.
• The beauty of the mountain is incomparable.
• Her loyalty to the company was supreme. ^{她对公司的忠诚是至高无上的}
• He remains the unchallenged leader in his field. ^{他仍然是他所在领域公认的领导者。}

It was Hart who created the basic formula of the Western film, and devised the protagonist he played in every film he made, the good-bad man, the accidental-noble outlaw, or the honest-but-framed cowboy, or the sheriff made suspect by vicious gossip; in short, the individual in conflict with himself and his frontier environment.

it was ... who(m) / that ... ^强调句

• It is only in recent years that it has gained an evil reputation.
• It was not until his third match in 1790 that he finally beat Humphries and became Champion of England.
• Perhaps it is the desire for solitude or the chance of making an unexpected discovery that lures people down to the depths of the earth.
• If there is one -- which I take leave to doubt -- then it is older people who create it, not the young themselves.
• These days, it is differences in national regulations, far more than tariffs, that put sand in the wheels of trade between rich countries.
• If this facilitates forgery, it is the bank which will lose, not the customer.
• It is I that am looking for you. ^{强调 “I” ，不是别人，正是在下我~}
• It is Jack who(m) Frank phoned last night. ^{强调 “Jack”，不是别人，正是杰克~}

formula ^{(pl. formulas / formulae) 配方；模式}

• the formula for a new drug / the washing powder.
• It is said that the nerve poison is the more primitive of the two, that the blood poison is, so to speak, a newer product from an improved formula. 
• Cinderella's story is the classic formula for happiness. ^{灰姑娘的童话故事是幸福的典范。}

devise ^{vt. 设计；想出；发明；图谋；遗赠给}

• The cartoon character Mickey Mouse was devised by Walt Disney in 1928.
• They devised a clever plan to solve the problem. ^{他们设计了一个巧妙的计划来解决这个问题。}

Oxymoron ^{矛盾修饰法 (矛盾形容词连用,越接近名词的越是表面含义)}

• bad-good news ^{一个不好的好消息}
• a cold warm embrace  ^{一个冷冰冰的热列拥抱}
• True lies ^{真实的谎言}
• sick health ^{憔悴的健康}
• sweat sorrow ^{甜蜜的悲伤}
• a damned saint ^{一个恶魔圣徒}
• a beautiful tyrant ^{一个美国的暴君}
• an honorable murder  ^{一个正直的谋杀 (an individual in conflict with himself)}

accidental ^{adj. 意外的；偶然的；附属的；临时记号的}

• Tea is the most important drink in the world, and it is an accidental invention. ^{茶是世界上最重要的饮料，而且是人们偶然发现的。}
• Nothing in life is really accidental. ^{生活中没有偶然。}
• The timing is unlikely to be accidental. ^{时机不会是巧合。}

suspect ^{(adj.) 可疑的，不可信的}

• The statistics are suspect. ^{统计数据是可疑的}
• The police have arrested two suspects in connection with the robbery. ^{警方已逮捕两名与抢劫案相关的嫌疑犯。}
• The whole story sounded highly suspect to the investigating officer. ^{整个故事在调查警官听来非常可疑。}

make ^{表“选举”；可以和没有冠词的名词搭配}

• We made him monitor / king. 
• or the sheriff made suspect^（adj.） by vicious gossip ^{make 搞得(可疑的);使役}

vicious ^{adj. wicked; evil; malicious adj. 恶毒的；恶意的；堕落的；有错误的；品性不端的；剧烈的}

• a vicious circle ^恶性循环
• a virtuous circle  ^良性循环
• a malignant tumor ^恶性肿瘤
• a benign tumor ^{一个良性肿瘤}

in short ^{简言之，总之}

• in short, the individual in conflict with himself and his frontier environment.
• The project was expensive, delayed, and over budget. In short, it was a disaster. ^{这个项目耗资巨大、延期且超出了预算。简言之，这是一场灾难。}
• In short, I like online reading more than paper reading. ^{总之，比起纸质阅读，我更喜欢在线阅读。}
• In sum, we had a fantastic trip.
• To sum up / To summarize, the research confirms our initial findings.
• Simply put, we need more time.

in conflict (with ...) ^{与...有冲突}

As long as poor people, who in general are colored, are in conflict with richer people, who in general are lighter skinned, there’s going to be a constant racial conflict in the world. 

• I'm in conflict with my parents on which major to choose. ^{我在选什么专业上和我的父母存在分歧。}
• Many of these ideas appear to be in conflict with each other. ^{这些观念中有许多看上去似乎相互矛盾。}
• He doesn't engage in conflict to protect his lord or country. ^{他不会为了保护他的领主或国家而卷入冲突。}
• The proposal is in conflict with existing regulations.

Unlike most of his contemporaries in Hollywood, Hart actually knew something of the old West.

contemporary ^{n. 同时代的人；同时期的东西 ；adj. 当代的；同时代的；属于同一时期的}

• She was a contemporary of Picasso.
• Shakespeare and Marlowe were contemporaries. ^{莎士比亚和马洛斯是同时代的人。}
• She specializes in contemporary literature and art. ^{她专攻当代文学和艺术。}
• The building is contemporary with the construction of the cathedral. ^{这座建筑与大教堂的建造属于同一时期。}

He had lived in it as a child when it was already disappearing, and his hero was firmly rooted in his memories and experiences, and in both the history and the mythology of the vanished frontier.

Hart was born in 1870, just after the end of American Civil War in 1865. After the Civil War, slavery was abolished, four trans-continent railroads were built, and American economy was rapidly developed. Meanwhile, the Wild West was fading away. ^故事背景

be rooted in ... ^根植于...

• The conflict in this area was rooted in history and religion. ^{该地区的冲突根植于历史和宗教。}
• Racism is still deeply rooted in our society. ^{种族主义在我们的社会中仍然根深蒂固。}
• Their life is rooted in Chicago now. ^{他们在芝加哥定居了。}

谓语省略介词留 ^{并列句不省略动词后的介词}

• Carlyle was entirely ignorant of what the bottle in his pocket contained, of the nature of the illness from which his friend was suffering, and of what had previously been wrong with his wife, but a medicine that had worked so well in one form of illness would surely be of equal benefit in another, …
• The adverse effects of the Great Leap Forward and of the Cultural Revolution still loom large in the minds of Chinese policy makers.
• For in a university, science majors look down on humanities majors, foreign language majors on Chinese majors, Chinese majors on philosophy majors, philosophy majors on sociology majors, and sociology majors on education majors. Since education majors have no one to look down on, they can only despise the professors in their own department. ^{——‘Fortress besieged’ by Zhongshu Qian}

And although no period or place in American history has been more absurdly romanticized, myth and reality did join hands in at least one arena, the conflict between the individual and encroaching civilization.

join hands ^{共存(co-exist);携手合作}

• Science and art can often join hands in architectural design.
• The two opposing factions decided to join hands to achieve a common goal. ^携手合作
• After a long rivalry, the two companies agreed to join hands on the new project. ^合作

conflict ^{n. clash; collision 冲突}

• There was a conflict between what he said and what he did.
• The story is about a young woman's inner conflict. ^{内心的矛盾}
• Management and staff were in conflict over the new working hours. ^{处于冲突之中}

Men accustomed to struggling for survival against the elements and Indians were bewildered by politicians, bankers and businessmen, and (were) unhorsed by fences, laws and alien taboos.

be accustomed to sth. / doing ^习惯于

• For men accustomed to eating seven-course dinners and sleeping between fine linen sheets at home, the change to the Alps must have very hard indeed.
• How do we break the pattern of praise we're all so accustomed to? ^{我们该如何打破我们都习以为常的表扬模式呢？}
• Martha gave her hand a clumsy little shake, as if she was not accustomed to this sort of thing either. ^{玛莎笨拙地轻轻摇了一下她的手，似乎她也不习惯这种事。}

against the elements ^{与大自然作斗争}

古人不知道 element (所以仅代表 earth, water, fire, air) 古文中 the elements 指“大自然”

• The brave explorers had to struggle against the elements for days to reach the summit.^{勇敢的探险家们不得不与大自然作斗争数日才到达了山顶。}
• The small tent offered little protection against the elements.^{那个小帐篷几乎不能提供对抗大自然的保护。}
• Farmers often face a tough battle against the elements to ensure a good harvest.^{农民经常面临与大自然的艰难斗争来确保丰收。}

unhorse ^{使下马/使措手不及（引申义）}

• The unexpected question completely unhorsed the speaker, leaving them speechless.^{这个意料之外的问题使演讲者完全措手不及，说不出话来。}
• The sudden scandal effectively unhorsed the politician from his position of power.^{突如其来的丑闻有效地将这位政治家从权力宝座上拉了下来。}
• In the jousting match, a skilled blow unhorsed his opponent.^{在马上比武中，一次熟练的打击使他的对手落马。}

Hart's good-bad man was always an outsider, always one of the disinherited, and if he found it necessary to shoot a sheriff or rob a bank along the way, his early audiences found it easy to understand and forgive, especially when it was Hart who, in the end, overcame the attacking Indians.

形式宾语

• When their father died, they thought it their duty to keep Eric in hiding. 
• I find it difficult to learn a new language in a short time.^{我发现在短时间内学习一门新语言是困难的。}
• I couldn't imagine it raining all weekend for our trip.^{我无法想象我们旅行的整个周末都在下雨。}
• She made it clear that she would not tolerate any delays. ^{她明确表示不会容忍任何延误。}
• I appreciate it when people are on time for meetings.^{我欣赏人们开会时准时的行为。}
• The company will consider it important what the customers think about the new product.^{公司会认为顾客对新产品的看法是重要的。}

Audiences in the second decade of the 20th century found it pleasant to escape to a time when life, though hard, was relatively simple.

decade ^十年

• Technology advanced rapidly in the last decade.^{在过去的十年里，科技发展迅速。}
• The band released five albums over the course of a decade.^{这个乐队在十年内发行了五张专辑。}
• The company celebrated its first decade in business.^{这家公司庆祝了其商业运作的第一个十年。}

We still do; living in a world in which undeclared aggression, war, hypocrisy, chicanery, anarchy and impending immolation are part of our daily lives, we all want a code to live by.

We still find it pleasant to escape to a time when life, though hard, was relatively simple. ^课文补全

live by ... ^{按照…生活/遵循（准则）生活}

• I have always tried to live by my faith.^{我一直努力按我的信仰生活。}
• The team promises to live by its commitment to fair play.^{该团队承诺将遵循其公平竞争的承诺。}
• He has a simple philosophy that he tries to live by every day.^{他有一个简单的哲学，并努力每天遵循它生活。}