Lesson 36 The cost of government政府的开支比较级 定语从句 状语从句

If a nation is essentially disunited, it is left to the government to hold it together.

essentially ^{adv. 1. used for emphasizing what is the most important aspect of sth. or fact about sth. 本质上，根本上本质上/根本上}

• There are three essentially different ways of tackling the problem.
• The two proposals are essentially the same, despite the different wording.^{尽管措辞不同，但这两个提案本质上是相同的。}
• His argument was essentially correct, though he missed some details.^{他的论点本质上是正确的，尽管他遗漏了一些细节。}

essentially ^{adv. 2. used for saying that sth. is mostly true, but not completely true 大体上，基本}

• The list is essentially complete.
• His analysis of urban use of agricultural land has been proved essentially correct.

leave ^{v. to let someone else decide sth. or be responsible for sth. 让某人决定或负责某事}

• You can leave the cooking to me.
• I’ll leave it to you to buy the tickets.
• The final decision was left to the manager to make.^{最终决定留给经理来做。}
• Since the committee couldn't agree, the task was left to the chairman to complete.^{由于委员会无法达成一致，这项任务就交由主席来完成了。}

hold sth. together  ^{cause sth. to remain together, unite sth. 使…团结一致}

• The country needs a leader who will hold the nation together.
• In those days the Church held the community together.
• Despite immense pressure, the family managed to hold together.^{尽管面临巨大的压力，这个家庭还是设法维持了团结。}
• The ancient empire struggled to hold together under the stress of invasion.^{这个古老的帝国在入侵的压力下努力维系。}

This increases the expense of government, and reduces correspondingly the amount of economic resources that could be used for developing the country.

 amount of ^{大量的...(可与可数名词搭配;钱相关或者为整体的)}

Number is regularly used with count nouns <a large number of mistakes> while amount is mainly used with mass nouns <annual amount of rainfall>. The use of amount with count nouns has been frequently criticized; it usually occurs when the number of things is thought of as a mass or collection <glad to furnish any amount of black pebbles> or when money is involved <a substantial amount of loans>.

• I work an incredible amount of hours. ^{我工作的时间极长。}
• I try to offend the least amount of people possible. ^{我尽可能少得罪人。}
• I need the maximum amount of information you can give me. ^{我需要你所能给我的最大的信息量。}

use sth. for (doing) sth. ^{使用某物来做某事（强调功能/用途）}

• They were using animals for scientific experiments.
• The software is used for tracking administrative costs across different departments. ^{该软件用于跟踪不同部门的行政成本。}

And it should not be forgotten how small those resources are in a poor and backward country.

backward ^{adj. developing slowly and less successfully than most others落后的}

• Teachers are providing extra support for the backward child to help them catch up with their peers. ^{老师们正在为那个落后的孩子提供额外支持，以帮助其赶上同龄人。}
• It will take decades to bring this backward country into the modern age.

Where the cost of government is high, resources for development are correspondingly low.

where ^{conj.在...的地方(引导地点状语从句)}

• Where the path divides, keep right. ^{来到岔路口就靠右行。}
• Where this road leads from here. ^{这条路从这里将要延伸到何处。}
• The government is at a stage where it is willing to talk to almost anyone. ^{政府已经到了几乎愿意与任何人对话的地步。}

cost of government is high ^{政府开支高}

• The opposition argues that the cost of government is too high and calls for budget cuts.^{反对党认为政府开支过高，呼吁削减预算。}
• Reducing waste is one way to ensure the cost of government is high is managed.^{减少浪费是确保政府高开支得到控制的一种方式。}

resources for development ^{用于发展的资源}

• The UN pledged more resources for development in Africa.^{联合国承诺向非洲提供更多的发展资源。}
• A stable economy provides the necessary resources for development.^{稳定的经济提供了必要的发展资源。}

This may be illustrated by comparing the position of a nation with that of a private business enterprise.

illustrate ^{v. to make the meaning of sth. clearer by using examples, pictures, etc. （用例子、图表等）说明，阐明}

• To illustrate my point, let me tell you a little story.
• The lecturer illustrated his point with a diagram on the blackboard.

be illustrated by... ^{通过…来说明/例证}

• Their properties could be illustrated by simple experiments.
• The general restlessness and hurry of life are always illustrated by the practice of fast eating.
• The theory was illustrated by several case studies.^{这个理论通过几个案例研究得到了例证。}
• The lecture will be illustrated by slides and videos.^{这次讲座将通过幻灯片和视频来说明。}

illustration ^{n. 1. 插图；2. 例证，例子}

• A recent article in a weekly newspaper, for instance, was headed with a striking illustration of a lady in a state of considerable distress, with the caption 'She was yet another victim, reduced to a screaming wreck'. 
• As this illustration shows, it is now man that is man's worst enemy. 正如这幅插图所示，现在人类才是人类最大的敌人。
• The suggestopedic approach to foreign language learning provides a good illustration. ^{暗示教学法在外语学习中的应用提供了很好的例证。}

compare A with B ^{将A与B进行比较 to examine people or things to see how they are similar and how they are different.}

• She asked me to compare the two insurance policies with each other.^{她让我将两份保险单进行比较。}
• We compared the benefits of working from home with working in the office.^{我们比较了在家工作和在办公室工作的益处。}

position ^{n. the situation that someone is in, especially when this affects what they can and cannot do 地位，处境，状况}

• She’s in the enviable position of being able to choose who she works with.
• When two of your best friends argue it puts you in a very awkward position.
• Future historians will be in a unique position when they come to record the history of our own times.
• If you are younger, and in a solid financial position, you may decide to take an aggressive approach but only if you're blessed with a sanguine disposition and won't suffer sleepless nights over share prices.

 that of ^{那个的；那样的(不可省略)}

• Her tone was that of a parent to a disobedient child.
• Some commentators compared his work with that of James Joyce.
• His style could scarcely be further removed from that of his predecessor.
• Cockburn's arrival coincided with that of Sir Iain and Lady Noble.
• His lined face was that of an old man. ^{他布满皱纹的脸就像老人一样。}

An enterprise has to incur certain costs and expenses in order to stay in business.

in business ^{A company that is in business is operating and trading.（公司） 经营，运转}

• The company has been in business for over thirty years.
• You can't stay in business without cash.
• After the economic downturn, many small shops struggled to stay in business.^{在经济衰退之后，许多小商店努力维持经营。}
• Their innovative marketing strategy helped the company stay in business.^{他们创新的营销策略帮助公司维持经营。}

For our purposes, we are concerned only with one kind of cost -- the cost of managing and administering the business.

purposes ^{n. [pl.] what is needed in a particular situation 需要} 

• These gifts count as income for tax purposes.
• For the purposes of this study, the three groups have been combined.
• For the purposes of this book, America is taken to include the continent north of Mexico.

be concerned with sth. ^{be about sth. 与某事物有关，涉及某事物；关注/与…相关}

• Her latest documentary is concerned with youth unemployment. 
• The report is primarily concerned with the rising administrative costs of the project. ^{该报告主要涉及项目日益增长的行政费用。}
• The public is deeply concerned with the issue of environmental pollution.^{公众对环境污染问题深感关注。}
• The report is primarily concerned with the financial aspects of the merger.^{这份报告主要与合并的财务方面相关。}

Such administrative overheads in a business are analogous to the cost of government in a nation.

overheads ^{n. [pl] regular expenses involved in running a business, e.g. rent, light, heating, salaries （企业运转所需要的）经费（如房租、电费、取暖费、薪金）}

• Heavy overheads reduced his profits.
• The company is trying to cut down on unnecessary administrative overheads.^{该公司正试图削减不必要的行政管理费用。}
• Excessive administrative overheads can severely limit a small firm's profits.^{过多的行政管理费用会严重限制一家小公司的利润。}

be analogous to / with ^{与…相似/类比于}

• But these are not analogous to what happens when man ages.
• The structure of the atom is analogous to the solar system.^{原子的结构与太阳系相似。}
• The function of the heart is often described as analogous to a pump.^{心脏的功能常被描述为类比于一个泵。}

The administrative overheads of a business are low to the extent that everyone working in the business can be trusted to behave in a way that best promotes the interests of the firm.

to the extent that … ^{1. 以至于…(引导结果状语)}

• Sales have fallen badly this year, to the extent that we will have to close some of our shops.
• Violence increased to the extent that residents were afraid to leave their homes.
• The policy was successful to the extent that it reduced unemployment.^{这项政策在降低失业率的程度上是成功的。}

to the extent that … ^{2. 只要…，只有…（引导条件）}

• To the extent that the people can be relied upon to behave in a loyal and responsible manner, the government does not require armies of police and civil servants to keep them in order. ^本课
• Expenses are deductible only to the extent that in aggregate they exceed 7 percent of gross income.
• She agreed with the proposal only to the extent that it concerned her department.^{她只在涉及她部门的程度上同意这项提议。}

interest ^{n. [C usually pl, U] benefit, advantage 好处，利益}

• All he cares about is protecting his own interests.
• As long ago as 1809, the Swedish Parliament introduced a scheme to safeguard the interest of the individual.
• The board’s duty is to promote the interests of the shareholders.^{董事会的职责是促进股东的利益。}
• The ambassador worked hard to promote the interests of his country abroad.^{这位大使努力在国外促进他国家的利益。}

in sb.’s interest(s) ^{for or to sb.’s advantage 为某人的利益，对某人有好处}

• Lesson 53 In the public interest
• But if a nation is disunited, the government cannot be sure that the actions of the people will be in the interests of the nation; and it will have to watch, check, and control the people accordingly. ^本课

If they can each be trusted to take such responsibilities and to exercise such initiative as falls within their sphere, then administrative overheads will be low.

take responsibilities ^承担责任

• Who do you trust to take responsibility for Britain's defence? Be careful you don't take on too much responsibility.
• The bank refuses to accept responsibility for the mistake.
• Serrano immediately assumed temporary responsibility for foreign affairs.
• Managers must be willing to take full responsibilities for the team's actions.^{经理必须愿意为团队的行为承担全部责任。}
• It's time for him to take responsibility for his mistakes.^{是时候让他为自己的错误承担责任了。}

exercise ^{v. (fml.) to use your power, rights or personal qualities in order  to achieve sth.  使用，运用，利用}

• When she appeared in court she exercised her right to remain silent.
• He was a man who exercised considerable influence over people. 
• Always exercise caution when handling radioactive substances.
• The job requires employees who can exercise initiative and work independently.^{这份工作要求员工能够发挥主动性并独立工作。}
• She was praised for exercising great initiative in solving the crisis.^{她因在解决危机中发挥了巨大的主动性而受到赞扬。}

fall ^{v. to belong to or be part of a particular group, area of responsibility, range of things, or type of things 属于…}

• The judge said that this matter did not fall within the scope of the auditor's duties.
• Many illnesses fall into the category of stress-related illnesses.
• Meat and poultry production fall under the control of the Agriculture Department.
• Such initiative as falls within their sphere.^{属于他们范围的主动性。(fall within one's sphere 属于某人的范围/领域)}
• The issue does not fall within the scope of this investigation.^{这个问题不属于本次调查的范围。}
• Decisions about curriculum fall within the sphere of the academic council.^{关于课程的决定属于学术委员会的范围。}

sphere ^{n. an area of responsibility or a type of situation over which a person or group has influence or power 范围}

• They knew not to interfere in matters outside their sphere of operation.
• The economic boom has greatly expanded the U.S.'s sphere of influence. 

such / the same / as / so … as … ^{引导限定性定语从句}

• I need the same tool as you are using.
• I need such a tool as you are using.
• I need as useful a tool as you are using.
• Such inns as there were were generally dirty and flea-ridden ...

It will be low because it will be necessary to have only one man looking after each job, without having another man to check upon what he is doing, keep him in line, and report on him to someone else.

have sb. doing sth. ^{让某人（持续性）做某事}

• I am sorry to have you waiting so long.
• She had us working day after day.

look after ^{1. to take care of someone by helping them, giving them what they need, or keeping them safe = take care of 照顾，照料}

• Don't worry, I'll look after the kids tomorrow.
• Could you look after the children while I'm at the meeting?^{我开会的时候你能照看一下孩子吗？}

look after ^{2. to be responsible for dealing with something = take care of 负责处理……}

• I'm leaving you here to look after the business until I get back. 
• The technician is responsible for looking after the computer systems.^{这位技术人员负责照看计算机系统。}

have sb. (to) do ^{（使役）让某人去做...安排某人做某事}

• I won’t have you say such things.
• I will have someone to translate the story for me.
• I’ll have my assistant call you to finalize the administrative details. ^{我会叫我的助理打电话给你，落实行政细节。}

check on / upon  ^{to make sure that someone or something is safe, is ina satisfactory state, or is doing what they should be doing 检查，核查， 监督}

• Honey, can you go upstairs and check on the kids?
• My neighbour comes in once a week to check on things and feed the fish. 
• The supervisor often checks upon the quality of the work being produced.^{主管经常核查所生产工作的质量。}
• The auditor was asked to check upon the company's financial records.^{审计员被要求核查公司的财务记录。}

in line ^{得到控制，有秩序}

• The coach kept the excited team in line.
• The government passed a new law to keep prices in line.
• When the teacher came back into the room, she quickly brought the class back in line.
• The new regulations are intended to keep spending in line with the budget.^{新规定旨在约束支出与预算保持一致。}
• It took a lot of effort for the teacher to keep the noisy class in line.^{老师花了很大的力气才约束住这个吵闹的班级。}

report on sb. to sb. ^{向别人汇报某人的情况;汇报关于…的情况}

• I’ve asked him to come back next week and report on his progress (to me).
• He reported on the whole event (to the minister).
• The team leader is required to report on the project progress to the directors every week.^{团队领导被要求每周向董事们汇报项目进展情况。}

But if no one can be trusted to act in a loyal and responsible manner towards his job, then the business will require armies of administrators, checkers, and foremen and administrative overheads will rise correspondingly.

manner n. [sing] person's way of behaving towards others 态度

• She has a rather cold, unfriendly manner.
• Something in Beth's manner towards him had changed.

foreman ^{n. (pl foremen) experienced worker who supervises and directs other workers 领班；工头}

• There was applause as the foreman of the jury announced the verdict. ^{陪审团团长宣布裁定结果时响起了一片掌声。}
• In 1984 — He was a construction foreman. ^{在1984年，他是一个建筑工头。}
• The foreman said I scared the other workers. ^{工头说我把其他工人吓着了。}

As administrative overheads rise, so the earnings of the business after meeting the expense of administration, will fall; and the business will have less money to distribute as dividends or invest directly in its future progress and development.

earnings ^{n. [pl.] 1. the money that you earn for the work that you do 薪水}

• Her average weekly earnings have increased since she took on more administrative responsibilities. ^{自从她承担了更多行政职责后，她的周平均收入有所增加。}

earnings ^{n. [pl.] 2. the profit that a company makes 公司的利润}

• The company’s annual earnings were higher than expected due to strong sales in the charitable sector. ^{由于慈善部门销售强劲，公司的年度利润高于预期。}

meet ^{v. to make a payment that needs to be made 支付，偿付（某费用）}

• The cost will be met by the company.
• The government has promised to meet the cost of clearing up after the floods.

distribute ^{v. to share things among a group of people, especially in a planned way = give out 分配，分发}

• Clothes and blankets have been distributed among the refugees.
• The demonstrators distributed leaflets to passers-by.

dividend ^{n. a part of a company’s profit that is divided among the people with shares in the company（付给股票持有者的）股息，红利}

• The business will have less money to distribute as dividends or invest directly.^{企业将有更少的资金作为股息分配或直接投资。}
• The company decided to distribute a high percentage of its profits as dividends.^{该公司决定将其利润的很高一部分作为股息分配。}
• The policy is to reinvest profits rather than distribute them as dividends.^{政策是再投资利润，而不是将它们作为股息分配。}

invest directly in... ^{直接投资于…}

• The firm decided to invest directly in the development of new technology.^{该公司决定直接投资于新技术的发展。}
• Many people prefer to invest directly in stocks and bonds rather than through a fund.^{许多人更喜欢直接投资于股票和债券，而不是通过基金。}

It is precisely the same with a nation.

precisely the same ^{完全一样/丝毫不差}

• It is precisely the same with a nation as it is with a private business.^{一个国家的情况与一个私营企业是完全一样的。}
• The new product is precisely the same as the original one, just a different color.^{新产品与原来的产品完全一样，只是颜色不同。}
• The results of the second experiment were precisely the same as the first.^{第二次实验的结果与第一次完全一样。}

To the extent that the people can be relied upon to behave in a loyal and responsible manner, the government does not require armies of police and civil servants to keep them in order.

army ^{n. an organized group of people who are working together or helping someone 团体，大军}

• Armies of rescue workers are sorting through the rubble.
• When summer comes, you'll see armies of tourists waiting in line in order to get a seat. ^{当夏天到来的时候，你会看到成群结队的游客排着队，只为抢到一个座位。}
• So rise the armies of emotion, and all our histories rearrange. ^{那么唤起情绪的大军吧，一切历史因之重写。}
• The convention was attended by armies of devoted fans.^{这次大会吸引了大量忠实粉丝参加。}
• The project requires armies of technicians and engineers.^{这个项目需要大量的技术人员和工程师。}

civil servant ^{n. someone employed in the civil service 公务员，政府的文职人员}

• The Swedes were the first to recognize that public officials like civil servants, police officers, health inspectors or tax-collectors can make mistakes or act over-zealously in the belief that they are serving the public.

order ^{n. [U] (condition brought about by) obedience to laws, rules, authority 治安，秩序，规矩}

• Some teachers find it difficult to keep their classes in order.
• The teacher struggled to keep the large class in order during the field trip.^{在实地考察期间，老师努力维持这个大班的秩序。}
• Strict rules are often used to keep the soldiers in order.^{严格的规定经常被用来约束士兵。}

But if a nation is disunited, the government cannot be sure that the actions of the people will be in the interests of the nation; and it will have to watch, check, and control the people accordingly.

accordingly ^{adv. (常位于句首)1. as a result of sth. = therefore 因此}

• Some of the laws were contradictory. Accordingly, measures were taken to clarify them.
• The cost of materials rose sharply last year. Accordingly, we were forced to increase our prices.

accordingly ^{adv. （常位于句末）2. in a way that is appropriate to what has been done or said in a particular situation 相应地}

• They have broken the rules and will be punished accordingly.
• It is a difficult job and they should be paid accordingly.
• The forecast predicted rain, so we dressed accordingly.^{天气预报预测会下雨，所以我们相应地穿了衣服。}
• The board approved the budget, and the departments adjusted their spending accordingly.^{董事会批准了预算，各部门相应地调整了支出。}

A disunited nation therefore has to incur unduly high costs of government.

incur costs ^{承担/招致成本}

• Starting a new project often means incurring initial setup costs.^{启动一个新项目通常意味着要承担初始设置成本。}
• The company incurred heavy losses during the economic crisis.^{这家公司在经济危机期间招致了巨额亏损。}

unduly high costs ^{不适当的高额成本}

• The court ruled that the fine was unduly high given the nature of the offense.^{法院裁定，考虑到罪行的性质，罚款是不适当的高额。}
• The new safety regulations should not impose unduly high costs on small businesses.^{新的安全规定不应该给小型企业带来不适当的高额成本。}