Lesson 22 Knowledge and progress知识和进步隐喻 非限定性定语从句

Why does the idea of progress loom so large in the modern world?

loom large ^{令人忧虑，令人惊恐（并似乎难以避免）}

• Human right issues will continue to loom large in China-U.S. relations.^{人权问题将继续在中美关系中构成重大忧虑。}
• The adverse effects of the Great Leap Forward and of the Cultural Revolution still loom large in the minds of Chinese policy makers.^{大跃进和文化大革命的负面影响仍然在中国政策制定者的心中构成重大忧虑。}

Question-Answer Pattern ^{问题回答模式（写作题材）}

1. question (why …) 
2. answer (because …) 
3. supportive sentences

Why, you may wonder, should spiders be our friends? Because they destroy so many insects, and insects include some of the greatest enemies of the human race.
Why do some people enjoy collecting stamps? Mainly because it offers a kind of relaxation that they cannot find in their daily lives.^{为什么有些人喜欢集邮？主要是因为它提供了一种他们在日常生活中找不到的放松。}

Surely because progress of a particular kind is actually taking place around us and is becoming more and more manifest.

kind / sort / type of + 可数名词 ^{某种类型的…}

• progress of a particular kind ^{(不可数名词/可数名词复数+of a kind)}⇒ a particular kind of progress ^{（书面标准）}
• a new kind of machine ^{一种新型机器（可数当成不可数使用）}
• machines of a new kind ^{新型的机器（可数名词用复数）}
• The more expensive kind of antique shop where rare objects are beautifully displayed is usually a forbidding place.
• Students specialize in a particular type of practical joke: the hoax.

be becoming more and more / increasingly + adj. ^{变得越来越…}

• So great is our passion for doing things for ourselves, that we are becoming increasingly less dependent on specialized labour.
• The importance of digital literacy is becoming more and more manifest in the job market.^{数字素养的重要性在就业市场上变得越来越明显。}

As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs. ^{考研英语阅读
由于所有这些因素，各国政府越来越依赖生物学家和社会科学家来规划和实施适当的方案。}

Although mankind has undergone no general improvement in intelligence or morality, it has made extraordinary progress in the accumulation of knowledge.

undergo ^{v. (underwent, undergone) 经历（强调主语本身在变化）}

• The patient had to undergo surgery.^{这位病人不得不接受手术（强调主语本身变化）。}
• The patient had to undergo surgery to repair the broken bone. ^{这位病人不得不接受手术来修复断骨。}
• Mankind has undergone no general improvement.^{人类没有经历任何普遍的改善。}
• Mankind has undergone no general improvement in terms of moral standing. ^{人类在道德层面没有经历任何普遍的改善。}
• The bridge has undergone a series of modifications.^{这座桥经历了一系列修改。}
• The bridge has undergone a series of modifications to improve its safety. ^{这座桥经历了一系列修改以提高其安全性。}
• Many families experienced difficulties during the recession.^{许多家庭在经济衰退期间经历了困难。}

make (an) improvement / improvements in... ^{在…方面取得改进(great, enormous, considerable, extraordinary, substantial … )}

• We need to make improvements in our customer service.^{我们需要在我们的客户服务方面做出改进。}
• The team has made considerable improvement in its defensive strategy.^{该团队在其防守策略上取得了显著的进步。}
• The scientist made an enormous advance in the field of genetics.^{这位科学家在遗传学领域取得了巨大的进展。}
• The project has made substantial progress since last quarter.^{该项目自上个季度以来取得了实质性进展。}

代词指代 ^{人称代词指代}

Knowledge began to increase as soon as the thoughts of one individual could be communicated to another by means of speech.

increase  ^{v. grow / accumulate 增加/积累}

• The company's profits increased by 15% last year.^{公司去年的利润增加了15%。}
• A library allows knowledge to accumulate over generations.^{图书馆允许知识跨代积累。}
• The population continues to grow steadily.^{人口继续稳步增长。}

communicate sth. to sb. ^{与某人交流/传达某事物给某人}

• The new policy was communicated to all employees.^{新政策已传达给所有员工。}
• We can communicate with the other side by radio.^{我们可以通过无线电与对方交流。}
• The thoughts of one individual could be communicated to another by means of speech.^{一个人的想法可以通过言语传达给另一个人。}

课文思想总结

Oral language precedes written language. Without written language, the only way to preserve knowledge is to hand it down from one generation to another, and in the process some information would inevitably be missing or distorted.

With the invention of writing, a great advance was made, for knowledge could then be not only communicated but also stored. ^{不但被(be communicated)交流而且被存储(be stored)}

前面2句都是主动，本句以无灵主语+被动是为了让句式产生变化，使其不那么单调。

with the + 名词 of + 名词 ^{(注意语序)随着…的…}

• With the approach of Christmas, the city was filled with festive decorations.^{随着圣诞节的临近，城市里充满了节日装饰。}
• With the advance of science, many diseases can now be cured.^{随着科学的进步，许多疾病现在可以治愈了。}
• With the outbreak of war, many families had to flee their homes.^{随着战争的爆发，许多家庭不得不逃离家园。}
• With the evidence began to accumulate, … X ^{错误表达，with 不能当连词 (As the evidence began to accumulate, … )}

进步的多种表达 ^{表达“进步”的词组替换(undergo general improvement \ make extraordinary progress \ make a great advance)}

The invention of writing enabled mankind to make a great advance in the preservation of knowledge.
The invention of writing brought about a great advance in the preservation of knowledge. ^{书写技术的发明带来了知识保存方面的巨大进步。}

• Mankind has made extraordinary progress in the accumulation of knowledge.^{人类在知识的积累方面取得了非凡的进步。}
• Although mankind has undergone no general improvement in intelligence, it has made a great advance with the invention of writing.^{尽管人类在智力上没有经历普遍的提高，但随着书写技术发明，它取得了巨大的进步。}

Libraries made education possible, and education in its turn added to libraries: the growth of knowledge followed a kind of compound interest law, which was greatly enhanced by the invention of printing.

in (its) turn ^{反过来；转而又…}

• Poverty led to social unrest, which in (its) turn aggravated poverty.^{贫困导致社会动荡，而社会动荡反过来又加剧了贫困。}
• Theory is based on practice and in (its) turn serves practice.^{理论以实践为基础，反过来又服务于实践。}
• Saving money allows you to invest, and investment in turn generates more savings.^{存钱可以让你投资，而投资反过来又会产生更多的储蓄。}

add to sth. ^{使某个事物增加/增添 = increase sth.}

• The music added to our enjoyment.^{音乐增加了我们的乐趣。}
• Her colleague’s laughter added to her embarrassment.^{她同事的笑声增加了她的尴尬。}
• The balloons added to the festive atmosphere.^{气球增添了节日气氛。}

课文写作技巧分析：长短句结合，几个长句中间穿插一些短句，使文章粗略有质，赋予弹性，更加灵活。

All this was comparatively slow until, with the coming of science, the tempo was suddenly raised.

with the coming / arrival / birth / advent / dawn / genesis of... ^{随着…的到来}

• The world changed dramatically with the dawn of the digital age.^{随着数字时代的来临，世界发生了巨大的变化。}
• We should prepare for the challenges that will arise with the advent of artificial intelligence.^{我们应该为随着人工智能的到来而产生的挑战做好准备。}
• The town's economy improved with the arrival of the new factory.^{随着新工厂的到来，该镇的经济得到了改善。}

the tempo ^{速度/节奏}

• The conductor increased the tempo of the music.^{指挥加快了音乐的速度。}
• The pace of life in the city is much faster; the tempo is higher.^{城市的生活节奏快得多，速度更高。}
• When science came, the tempo of the growth of knowledge was suddenly raised.^{当科学出现时，知识增长的速度突然加快了。}

Then knowledge began to be accumulated according to a systematic plan.

be accumulated ^...被积累

• Love is accumulated, not overdraw. ^{爱是积累，不是透支。}
• In-depth knowledge is accumulated bit by bit. ^{丰富的知识是点点滴滴积累成的。}
• However, as the evidence began to accumulate, experts from the Zoo felt obliged to investigate, ...
• As they grow old, people also accumulate belongings for two other reasons, lack of physical and mental energy,...

accord to ^{符合、一致..}

• The club members voted with one accord to raise the dues. ^{俱乐部成员一致通过提高会费。}
• The studio ordering will accord to your CTR by system automatically. ^{系统将根据您工作室的点击率自动排序。}
• Everything went according to plan. ^{一切均按照计划进行。}

The trickle became a stream: the stream has now become a torrent.

暗喻修辞 ^{比喻知识的增长速度}

• The initial small investment was a trickle, but with time and reinvestment, it has grown into a torrent.^{最初的小额投资是涓涓细流，但随着时间和再投资，它已发展成洪流。}
• At first, the information came in a trickle, making the investigation slow. Now, the new data is a torrent.^{起初，信息是涓涓细流，使调查缓慢。现在，新的数据是洪流。}
• Her efforts started as a trickle of help, but soon became a stream of widespread charity.^{她的努力最初只是涓涓细流般的帮助，但很快变成了广泛慈善的洪流。}

Moreover, as soon as new knowledge is acquired, it is now turned to practical account.

turn sth. to ... account ^{把…加以利用/使…有利可图}

• We must turn this setback to good account by learning from our mistakes.^{我们必须从错误中吸取教训，好好利用这次挫折。}
• He turned his negotiating skills to very good account in the meeting.^{他把他的谈判技巧在会议中应用得非常好。}
• Modern inventors turn new knowledge to practical account almost immediately.^{现代发明家几乎立即将新知识应用于实际用途。}

What is called 'modern civilization' is not the result of a balanced development of all man's nature, but of accumulated knowledge applied to practical life.

balanced development ^平衡发展

• The population development will be balanced. ^{人口发展将趋于平衡。}
• Government should reach a balance between economic development and environmental protection. ^{政府应该在经济发展和环境保护之间达到平衡。}
• But the time you save in development and testing may significantly balance this out. ^{但在开发和测试上所节省的时间可以很好地平衡这一点。}

The problem now facing humanity is: What is going to be done with all this knowledge?

face a problem ^{面临一个问题} 

• You still face a problem, though. ^{但，您还是会面临一个问题。}
• When you face a problem, talk it through. ^{当你面对一个麻烦时，把它摊开来谈。}
• You have to learn to face your problem. ^{你得学会面对自己的问题。}

As is so often pointed out, knowledge is a two-edged weapon which can be used equally for good or evil.

It is so often pointed out that knowledge is … ^{（不如本文更突出主句）}
As it is so often pointed out that knowledge is … X  ^错误表达
As (is) so often pointed out, knowledge is … ^{As 做关系代词引导非限制性定语从句可省略be动词}
It is reported that President will pay an official visit to the United States. ⇒ As (is) reported, President will pay an official visit to the United States.
It is reported that five people were injured in the fire. ⇒ As (is) reported, five people were injured in the fire.

As is so often pointed out, ... ^{正如经常被指出的那样，…}

• As is so often pointed out, technology itself is neutral.^{正如经常被指出的那样，技术本身是中立的。}
• As is reported, President will pay an official visit to the United States.^{据报道，总统将对美国进行正式访问。}
• As is well known, prevention is better than cure.^{众所周知，预防胜于治疗。}

two-edged / double-edged + weapon / sword ^双刃剑

• Fame can be a double-edged sword.^{名誉可能是一把双刃剑。}
• Artificial intelligence is a two-edged weapon that offers benefits and risks.^{人工智能是一把双刃剑，既提供益处也带来风险。}
• His great wealth was a double-edged sword, bringing comfort but also endless requests for money.^{他的巨大财富是一把双刃剑，带来了舒适但也带来了无休止的索求。}

good or evil ^善与恶

• a battle between good and evil ^{一场善与恶之战}
• The story depicted a battle between good and evil.^{这个故事描绘了善与恶之间的较量。}
• All human actions can be judged as either good or evil.^{所有人类的行为都可以被判断为善或恶。}
• Philosophy often examines the nature of good and evil.^{哲学经常探究善与恶的本质。}

As Sir Francis Bacon once pointed out, knowledge is power. Power can be used for good or evil; and since the genie that brings new knowledge is already out of the bottle, we must learn to direct the use of the resultant power rather than curse the genie or try to confine him. ^{Gre写作范文}

It is now being used indifferently for both.

indifferently ^{adv.冷淡地；漠不关心地；平庸地；相当差地}

• Therefore, standing by indifferently is their only choice. ^{因此，站在冷淡地是他们唯一的选择。}
• And when he says this word, the sort of indifferently expression. ^{以及他说这话时，那种淡然的表情。}
• He knows his Latin grammar indifferently, and cannot construe easily. ^{他的拉丁语法水平不高，所以无法得心应手地分析句子。}

Could any spectacle, for instance, be more grimly whimsical than that of gunners using science to shatter men's bodies while, close at hand, surgeons use it to restore them?

spectacle ^{n. an impressive sight 景象/场面}

• The carnival parade was a magnificent spectacle.^{狂欢节游行是一个壮观的景象。}
• The sunset over the ocean was a breathtaking spectacle.^{海上的日落是一个令人惊叹的景象。}
• The clash of two opposing armies was a terrible spectacle.^{两军对垒是一个可怕的景象。}

“spect” = look ^【词根】

• inspect / inspector / inspection
• expect / expectation
• suspect / suspicion / suspicious
• spectacle / spectacular
• circumspect / circumspection
• The road is tortuous, but the prospects are bright. 
• In retrospect, I think my marriage was doomed from the beginning.

gunner ^炮手

• In shelling the town, the gunner carefully took sight. ^{在炮击该城镇时，炮兵小心地瞄准。}
• One gunner in each battery was an NCO and the rest were privates. ^{每个炮兵连都有一个炮手是军士，其余都是二等兵。}
• When the breech was closed and all was ready, the gunner yanked the lanyard. ^{大炮后膛门关上后，一切准备就绪，炮手拉动引火绳。}

rhetorical question ^{修辞疑问句(增强语气/激发思考)}

• We often speak of tramps with contempt, but how many of us can honestly say that we have not felt a little envious of their freedom from care?
• Who among us has not dreamed of that? ^{我们当中有谁没有梦想过那个？}
• What is the use of our studying grammar if we can't put the grammatical rules into practice? ^{如果不能将语法规则付诸实践，我们学习语法有什么用呢？}

蒙太奇(montage) ^{画面拼接剪辑，增强对比效果}

• The film uses montage to contrast the lavish wedding with the ensuing divorce proceedings.^{这部电影使用蒙太奇手法来对比奢华的婚礼和随后的离婚诉讼。}
• The author juxtaposed the image of a child starving with a feast in the next sentence to create a powerful montage effect.^{作者将一个饥饿儿童的形象与下一句中的盛宴并置，以创造出强大的蒙太奇效果。}

We have to ask ourselves very seriously what will happen if this twofold use of knowledge, with its ever-increasing power, continues.

ever-increasing ^{不断增加的}

• The need to produce ever-increasing quantities of cheap food leads to a different kind of pollution.^{生产不断增加的廉价食物的需求导致了另一种污染。}
• The company faces the challenges of an ever-expanding market.^{该公司面临着不断扩大的市场的挑战。}
• Environmental groups are concerned about the ever-dwindling resources.^{环保组织关注着不断减少的资源。}
• The police relied on the ever-accumulating evidence to make an arrest.^{警方依靠不断积累的证据进行了逮捕。}
• We must adapt quickly to the ever-changing world of technology.^{我们必须快速适应不断变化的技术世界。}
• It is difficult to keep pace with the ever-growing knowledge in this field.^{很难跟上这个领域不断增长的知识。}