Lesson 32 Galileo reborn伽利略的复生定语从句 状语从句

Galileo ^{伽利略(1564-1642)} 

In his own lifetime Galileo was the centre of violent controversy, but the scientific dust has long since settled, and today we can see even his famous clash with the Inquisition in something like its proper perspective.

in / during one’s lifetime ^{在…的一生中}

• He achieved a lot in his short lifetime. ^{他在短暂的一生中取得了很多成就。}
• During her lifetime she had witnessed two world wars. ^{在她的一生中，她见证了两次世界大战。}

All this will not be finished in the first one hundred days. Nor will it be finished in the first one thousand days; nor in the life of this Administration; nor even perhaps in our lifetime on this planet. But let us begin.
^{这一切不会在头一百天完成，也不会在头一千天完成，也不会在这届政府期间完成，甚至可能不会在我们这一生中完成。但让我们现在就开始。}

controversial figure ^{有争议的人物}

• Galileo was the centre of violent controversy. ⇒ Galileo was a highly controversial figure. 

• Galileo was a highly controversial figure in his time. ^{伽利略在他那个时代是一个极具争议的人物。}
• Her bold decisions made her a controversial figure in politics. ^{她大胆的决定使她成为政治上有争议的人物。}
• Einstein was not only a genius but also a controversial figure due to his outspoken views. ^{爱因斯坦不仅是天才，还因其直言不讳的观点而成为有争议的人物。}

long since ^{早已...、早就...}

昔人已乘黃鶴去，此地空餘黃鶴樓。黃鶴一去不復返，白雲千載空悠悠。^{《黄鹤楼》崔颢}
The Immortal has long since gone with his yellow crane, Only the Yellow Crane Tower can now be seen.No one has been sure if the bird would ever return, Over thousands of years the white clouds remain. 

• Spring flowers are long since gone. Summer's bloom hangs limp on every terrace _{— Louise Seymour Jones} ^{春天的花朵早已凋谢。}
• I’ve long since forgotten any Latin I ever learned. ^{我早已忘记了曾经学过的拉丁语。}
• The people who built the temple have long since vanished. ^{建造这座寺庙的人早已消失。}

clash ^{n. conflict; collision 冲突、碰撞}

• His clash with the authorities led to his imprisonment. ^{他与当局的冲突导致他被监禁。}
• The clash between the two teams was intense. ^{两支队伍之间的冲突非常激烈。}
• Ideological clashes shaped the political landscape. ^{意识形态的冲突塑造了政治格局。}

the Inquisition / the Holy Office ^{宗教裁判所}

a Roman Catholic organization in the past whose aim was to find and punish people who had unacceptable beliefs.

something like ^{大约、估摸着}

One authority on spiders made a census of the spiders in grass field in the south of England, and he estimated that there were more than 2,250,000 in one acre; that is something like 6,000,000 spiders of different kinds on a football pitch.

• They say creating a work of art is something like giving birth. ^{他们说创作一件艺术品有点像生孩子。}
• The house looks something like a medieval fortress. ^{这座房子看起来有点像中世纪的堡垒。}
• Something like 50,000 homes are without power. ^{大约有5万个家庭断电。}

Galileo’s conflict with the Church ^{伽利略与教会的冲突}

Galileo maintained that the earth revolved around the sun, disputing the belief held by the Roman Catholic church that the earth was the center of the universe.
He refused to obey orders from Rome to cease discussions of his theories and was sentenced to life imprisonment. It was not until 1984 that a papal commission acknowledged that the church was wrong.

But, in contrast, it is only in modern times that Galileo has become a problem child for historians of science.

in / by contrast ^相对而言

• An old watch, by contrast, becomes so worn and unreliable that it eventually is not worth mending. 
• Camping sites, by contrast, are highly cosmopolitan. 
• City life is fast-paced, but rural life, in contrast, is calm and serene. ^{城市生活节奏快，而农村生活相对而言平静安宁。}
• Her early works were simple, by contrast, her later novels were complex and profound. ^{她的早期作品简单，相对而言，后期的作品复杂而深刻。}

it is only in modern times that … ^{只是在现代才…}

• It is only in modern times that Galileo has become a problem child for historians. ^{只是在现代，伽利略才成为历史学家的问题人物。}
• It is only in modern times that space exploration has become a reality. ^{只是在现代，太空探索才成为现实。}
• It is only in modern times that women have gained equal rights in many societies. ^{只是在现代，女性在许多社会中才获得平等权利。}

a problem child ^{问题儿童(1.a child whose behavior is bad;2.a child whose behavior causes problems for other people)}

• His rebellious behavior made him a problem child at school. ^{他的叛逆行为使他成为学校的问题儿童。}
• The project turned into a problem child, causing delays and disputes. ^{这个项目变成了一个问题儿童，导致延误和争议。}

The old view of Galileo was delightfully uncomplicated.

the view of Galileo ^{对于伽利略的看法}

• The view of Galileo was shaped by his revolutionary discoveries. ^{对伽利略的看法因他的革命性发现而形成。}
• Historians now challenge the view of Galileo as a simple rebel. ^{历史学家现在质疑对伽利略作为简单叛逆者的看法。}
• The view of Galileo in his time was one of controversy and genius. ^{在他那个时代，对伽利略的看法是充满争议和天才的。}

delightfully ^{令人高兴地}

• The old view of Galileo was delightfully uncomplicated. ^{对伽利略的旧看法令人高兴地简单。}
• The garden was delightfully peaceful in the morning. ^{花园在早晨令人高兴地宁静。}
• Her speech was delightfully engaging and humorous. ^{她的演讲令人高兴地引人入胜且幽默。}

He was, above all, a man who experimented: who despised the prejudice and book learning of the Aristotelians, who put his questions to nature instead of to the ancients, and who drew his conclusions fearlessly.

A man's ability may be great or small, but if he has this spirit, he is a man who is noble-minded, who is purę, who is of moral integrity, who is above vulgar interests, and who is of value to the people.
^{一个人的能力或许有强有弱，但只要他具备这种精神，他就是一位品德高尚、纯洁无暇、具有道德操守、不为低俗利益所动、对人民有价值的人。 —毛泽东}

prejudice ^{n. [U, C] an unreasonable dislike of or preference for a person, group, custom, etc., especially when it is based on their race, religion, sex, etc. 偏见；成见}

• Pride and Prejudice ^{《傲慢与偏见》}
• He despised the prejudice and book learning of the Aristotelians. ^{他鄙视亚里士多德学派的偏见和书本知识。}
• Prejudice against women limited their opportunities in science. ^{对女性的偏见限制了她们在科学领域的机会。}
• Overcoming prejudice is essential for a fair society. ^{克服偏见是建立公平社会的关键。}

put questions to ^向…提问

• He put his questions to nature instead of the ancients. ^{他向自然提问，而不是向古人提问。}
• The scientist put questions to the data to uncover new insights. ^{科学家通过向数据提问发现了新的见解。}
• She put questions to the expert during the lecture. ^{她在讲座中向专家提问。}

介词后接副词或介词短语 ^{(preposition with adverb or prepositional phrase) 介词短语可以做介词的宾语}

• Towards midday, a girl heard a muffled cry coming from behind one of the walls.
• The weather has been fine except in the north.
• He studies in the evening instead of during the day.
• More and more people live in towns and cities instead of in villages..
• We didn’t meet until after the show.
• The weather has been fine except in the north.
• I took my watch from under the pillow.
• He picked up the gun from behind the counter.

Aristotle ^{亚里士多德}

 Greek philosopher and scientist

He shares with Plato and Socrates the distinction of being the most famous of ancient philosophers. He is also the tutor of Alexander the Great.
He is the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural science, politics, and poetics. And he profoundly influenced western thought.
Aristotle proposed a finite, spherical universe, with the earth as its center. He also held that heavier bodies fall faster than lighter ones.

He had been the first to turn a telescope to the sky, and he had seen their evidence enough to overthrow Aristotle and Ptolemy together.

Ptolemy ^托勒密

Ancient Greek astronomer, mathematician, and geographer

He based his astronomy on the belief that all heavenly bodies revolve around the earth.His astronomical theories and explanations dominated scientific thought until the 16^th century when Copernicus, a Polish astronomer, advanced the theory the earth and other planets revolve around the sun, disrupting the Ptolemaic astronomy.

He was the man who climbed the Leaning Tower of Pisa and dropped various weights from the top, who rolled balls down inclined planes, and then generalized the results of his many experiments into the famous law of free fall.

inclined plane ^倾斜面

• He rolled balls down an inclined plane to study motion. ^{他在倾斜面上滚下球来研究运动。}
• The inclined plane was used to demonstrate principles of physics. ^{倾斜面被用来展示物理原理。}
• Students built an inclined plane for their science experiment. ^{学生们为科学实验搭建了一个倾斜面。}

generalize sthA. into sthB. ^{把A归纳总结出B}

• He generalized the results of his experiments into the law of free fall. ^{他将实验结果归纳为自由落体定律。}
• Scientists generalized their findings into a new theory. ^{科学家们将他们的发现归纳成一个新理论。}
• She generalized her observations into a broader hypothesis. ^{她将观察结果归纳为一个更广泛的假设。}

Leaning Tower of Pisa ^比萨斜塔

Started in 1173, the Leaning Tower of Pisa in Italy is an example of Romanesque architecture. It is actually the bell tower of the cathedral of Pisa. Legend has it that Galileo once carried out experiments at the leaning tower which showed that the velocity of moving bodies of the same composition, but of different weights, do not attain the proportion of their weights as Aristotle decreed, but move with the same velocity.

But a closer study of the evidence, supported by a deeper sense of the period, and particularly by a new consciousness of the philosophical undercurrents in the scientific revolution, has profoundly modified this view of Galileo.

be supported by ^{被…所支撑、基于…支撑}

• …, based on a deeper sense of the period.  ^替换写法
• Her argument was supported by extensive research data. ^{她的论点得到了广泛研究数据的支撑。}
• The project was supported by generous funding from the government. ^{该项目得到了政府慷慨资助的支撑。}

sense ^{n. understanding / consciousness 认识、意识}

• She has a strong sense of justice. ^{她有很强的正义感。}
• His sense of responsibility drove him to act. ^{他的责任感促使他采取行动。}
• Citizenship is about the sense of nationhood. ^{公民身份涉及国家意识。}

profoundly ^{adv. deeply; extremely 深刻地、极大地}

• She was profoundly influenced by her mother. ^{她深受母亲的影响。}
• His speech profoundly impacted the audience. ^{他的演讲极大地影响了听众。}
• The discovery profoundly changed scientific thought. ^{这一发现深刻地改变了科学思想。}

modify ^{v. 调整；稍作修改；使更适合}

• The mediator attempted to get both sides to modify their position. ^{调解人试图让双方调整立场。}
• They had to modify the design to meet safety standards. ^{他们不得不修改设计以符合安全标准。}
• She modified her approach based on feedback. ^{她根据反馈调整了方法。}

Today, although the old Galileo lives on in many popular writings, among historians of science a new and more sophisticated picture has emerged.

live ^存在

• Where do the knives live in your kitchen? ^{你厨房里的刀具存放在哪里？}
• Old traditions still live in rural communities. ^{古老的传统依然存在于农村社区。}
• His legacy lives on in modern science. ^{他的遗产在现代科学中继续存在。}

picture ^{心目中的形象}

• Can you form a picture of what I described to you? ^{你能想象出我描述的情景吗？}
• Most of us have formed an unrealistic picture of life on a desert island.
• A new picture of Galileo has emerged among historians. ^{历史学家中形成了对伽利略的新形象。}

At the same time our sympathy for Galileo's opponents has grown somewhat.

sympathy for ^{对…的同情}

• She expressed sympathy for the victims of the disaster. ^{她对灾难受害者表达了同情。}
• He felt deep sympathy for those who suffered. ^{他对受苦的人深感同情。}
• We expressed our sympathy for her loss. ^{我们对她的损失表示了同情。}

opponent ^{n. adversary; antagonist 对手、反对者}

• She faced a tough opponent in the debate. ^{她在辩论中面对一个强大的对手。}
• The politician’s opponents criticized his policies. ^{这位政治家的反对者批评了他的政策。}
• The wrestler put his opponent into a head hold. ^{那位摔跤手给对手来了个头部擒拿。}

His telescopic observations are justly immortal; they aroused great interest at the time, they had important theoretical consequences, and they provided a striking demonstration of the potentialities hidden in instruments and apparatus.

just ^{adj.公正的；正义的；正当的；合理的}

• She received a just reward for her efforts. ^{她因努力获得了公正的回报。}
• The decision was seen as just by all parties. ^{所有相关方认为这个决定是公正的。}
• Everyone deserves a just trial in a court of law. ^{每个人在法庭上都应当获得公正的审判。}

consequence ^{n.The consequences of something are the results or effects of it. 结果;后果；影响}

• The consequences of climate change are far-reaching. ^{气候变化的后果影响深远。}
• They ignored the ecological consequences of their actions. ^{他们忽视了自己行为的生态后果。}
• ecological consequences ^生态后果

potential/potentialities ^潜力

• It is true that China is still a developing country, but she is full of potential / potentialities. ^{中国仍是一个发展中国家，但她充满潜力。}
• The new technology has vast potentialities for innovation. ^{这项新技术具有巨大的创新潜力。}
• His work revealed the potential of scientific inquiry. ^{他的工作揭示了科学探究的潜力。}

apparatus ^{n. [U] the tools or other pieces of equipment that are needed for a particular activity or task (精密)仪器；器械；装置}

• The laboratory apparatus was carefully calibrated. ^{实验室仪器经过了精确校准。}
• A new piece of apparatus improved their experiments. ^{一件新的器械改进了他们的实验。}

But can we blame those who looked and failed to see what Galileo saw, if we remember that to use a telescope at the limit of its powers calls for long experience and intimate familiarity with one's instrument?

power ^n.倍数

• A 200-power microscope revealed tiny details. ^{一台200倍的显微镜揭示了微小细节。}
• Galileo used a 32-power telescope for his observations. ^{伽利略使用32倍的望远镜进行观测。}
• The new power settings enhanced the telescope’s clarity. ^{新的倍数设置提升了望远镜的清晰度。}

call for  ^{[idiom] 需要}

In this era of rapid social and technological change leading to increasing life complexity and psychological displacement, unforeseen and kaleidoscopic challenges facing persons in most professions and academic fields call for a balance in which there are both imagination and knowledge. ^{Gre写作范文}

• This sort of work calls for a high level of concentration. ^{这种工作需要高度的专注。}
• The quality is variable, so careful selection is called for. ^{质量参差不齐，因此需要谨慎选择。}
• In this era, challenges call for a balance of imagination and knowledge. ^{在这个时代，挑战需要想象力与知识的平衡。}

rhetorical question ^{修辞疑问句(But can we blame those who ...)}

答在问中；不是陈述句，语气比陈述句更重；一般出现在文章或段落末尾；激起读者深思；避免陈述句的说教语气。

• What is the use of studying grammar if we can’t put it into practice? ^{如果我们不能将语法应用于实践，学习语法有什么用？}
• O, wind, if winter comes, can spring be far behind?  _{‘Ode to the West Wind’ —— P. B. Shelley}^{风啊，如果冬天来了，春天还会远吗？}
• We often speak of tramps with contempt and put them in the same class as beggars, but how many of us can honestly say that we have not felt a little envious of their simple way of life and their freedom from care?
• Could any spectacle, for instance, be more grimly whimsical than that of gunners using science to shatter men's bodies while, close at hand, surgeons use it to restore them? 
• Who among us has not dreamed of that?

They tell us, sir, that we are weak; unable to cope with so formidable an adversary. But when shall we be stronger? Will it be the next week, or the next year? Will it be when we are totally disarmed, and when a British guard shall be stationed in every house? Shall we gather strength by irresolution and inaction? Shall we acquire the means of effectual resistance by lying supinely on our backs and hugging the delusive phantom of hope, until our enemies shall have bound us hand and foot? ^{——Patrick Henry, March 23, 1775 ‘Give Me Liberty Or Give Me Death’}

Was the philosopher who refused to look through Galileo's telescope more culpable than those who alleged that the spiral nebulae observed with Lord Rosse's great telescope in the 1840s were scratches left by the grinder?

allege ^{（未提出证据）断言、指称}

• He alleged that they had hired an assassin to dispose of him. ^{他声称他们雇佣了刺客来除掉他。}
• They alleged the results were falsified, but provided no proof. ^{他们声称结果是伪造的，但没有提供证据。}
• She alleged misconduct in the organization. ^{她指称组织内存在不当行为。}

We can perhaps forgive those who said the moons of Jupiter were produced by Galileo's spyglass if we recall that in his day, as for centuries before, curved glass was the popular contrivance for producing not truth but illusion, untruth; and if a single curved glass would distort nature, how much more would a pair of them?

…, as curved glass was the popular contrivance for producing not truth but illusion, untruth for centuries before, curved glass was the popular contrivance for producing not truth but illusion, untruth; … ^{（方式状语从句，主谓省略）补全}

• On the occasions when they have pushed to shore an unconscious human being they have much more likely done it out of curiosity or for sport, as (they have done it out of curiosity or for sport) in riding the bow waves of a ship. ^{状语从句的省略}
• It is almost always due to some very special circumstances that traces of land animals survive, as traces of land animals survive by falling into inaccessible caves, or into an ice crevasse, like the Siberian mammoths, when the whole animal is sometimes preserved, as the whole animal is preserved in a refrigerator. ^{主语成分省略}

as for centuries before ^{如同几个世纪之前}

• As for centuries before, traditions shaped their worldview. ^{如同几个世纪之前，传统塑造了他们的世界观。}
• Superstitions, as for centuries before, influenced their decisions. ^{如同几个世纪之前，迷信影响了他们的决定。}

curved glass ^曲面镜

• The curved glass in the telescope distorted early observations. ^{望远镜中的曲面镜扭曲了早期的观测。}
• Advances in curved glass improved optical instruments. ^{曲面镜的进步改善了光学仪器。}