Lesson 32 Galileo reborn伽利略的复生

Galileo reborn

Galileo (1564-1642) ^伽利略

• Galileo was an Italian physicist and astronomer who initiated the scientific revolution. ^{伽利略是意大利物理学家和天文学家，开启了科学革命。}
• He used the telescope in astronomy and discovered sunspots, lunar mountains, and Jupiter’s four largest satellites. ^{他在天文学中使用望远镜，发现了太阳黑子、月球山脉和木星的四个最大卫星。}
• His discovery that planets moved around the sun confirmed Copernicus’ theory. ^{他发现行星绕太阳运动，证实了哥白尼的理论。}

In his own lifetime Galileo was the centre of violent controversy, but the scientific dust has long since settled, and today we can see even his famous clash with the Inquisition in something like its proper perspective.

in / during one’s lifetime ^{在…的一生中}

• He achieved a lot in his short lifetime. ^{他在短暂的一生中取得了很多成就。}
• During her lifetime she had witnessed two world wars. ^{在她的一生中，她见证了两次世界大战。}
• All this will not be finished in the first one hundred days. Nor will it be finished in the first one thousand days; nor in the life of this Administration; nor even perhaps in our lifetime on this planet. But let us begin. ^{这一切不会在头一百天完成，也不会在头一千天完成，也不会在这届政府期间完成，甚至可能不会在我们这一生中完成。但让我们开始。}

controversial figure ^{有争议的人物}

• Galileo was a highly controversial figure in his time. ^{伽利略在他那个时代是一个极具争议的人物。}
• Her bold decisions made her a controversial figure in politics. ^{她大胆的决定使她成为政治上有争议的人物。}
• Einstein was not only a genius but also a controversial figure due to his outspoken views. ^{爱因斯坦不仅是天才，还因其直言不讳的观点而成为有争议的人物。}

long since ^{早已、早就}

• Spring flowers are long since gone. ^{春天的花朵早已凋谢。}
• I’ve long since forgotten any Latin I ever learned. ^{我早已忘记了曾经学过的拉丁语。}
• The people who built the temple have long since vanished. ^{建造这座寺庙的人早已消失。}

clash ^{冲突、碰撞}

• His clash with the authorities led to his imprisonment. ^{他与当局的冲突导致他被监禁。}
• The clash between the two teams was intense. ^{两支队伍之间的冲突非常激烈。}
• Ideological clashes shaped the political landscape. ^{意识形态的冲突塑造了政治格局。}

the Inquisition / the Holy Office ^{宗教裁判所}

• Galileo’s clash with the Inquisition was a defining moment in his life. ^{伽利略与宗教裁判所的冲突是他人生中的一个决定性时刻。}
• The Inquisition punished those with unorthodox beliefs. ^{宗教裁判所惩罚那些持有异端信仰的人。}
• Historians study the role of the Holy Office in shaping religious doctrine. ^{历史学家研究宗教裁判所在塑造宗教教义中的作用。}

something like ^{大约、估摸着}

• They say creating a work of art is something like giving birth. ^{他们说创作一件艺术品有点像生孩子。}
• The house looks something like a medieval fortress. ^{这座房子看起来有点像中世纪的堡垒。}
• Something like 50,000 homes are without power. ^{大约有5万个家庭断电。}

Galileo’s conflict with the Church ^{伽利略与教会的冲突}

• Galileo maintained that the earth revolved around the sun, challenging the Church’s beliefs. ^{伽利略坚持认为地球绕太阳转，挑战了教会的信仰。}
• He was sentenced to life imprisonment for disputing the Church’s view. ^{他因反对教会的观点被判终身监禁。}
• It was not until 1984 that the Church acknowledged its error in Galileo’s case. ^{直到1984年，教会才承认在伽利略案件中的错误。}

But, in contrast, it is only in modern times that Galileo has become a problem child for historians of science.

in / by contrast ^相对而言

• An old watch, by contrast, becomes so worn and unreliable that it eventually is not worth mending. ^{相对而言，一块旧手表会变得破旧且不可靠，最终不值得修理。}
• City life is fast-paced, but rural life, in contrast, is calm and serene. ^{城市生活节奏快，而农村生活相对而言平静安宁。}
• Her early works were simple, by contrast, her later novels were complex and profound. ^{她的早期作品简单，相对而言，后期的作品复杂而深刻。}

it is only in modern times that … ^{只是在现代才……}

• It is only in modern times that Galileo has become a problem child for historians. ^{只是在现代，伽利略才成为历史学家的问题人物。}
• It is only in modern times that space exploration has become a reality. ^{只是在现代，太空探索才成为现实。}
• It is only in modern times that women have gained equal rights in many societies. ^{只是在现代，女性在许多社会中才获得平等权利。}

a problem child ^问题儿童

• Galileo has become a problem child for historians of science. ^{伽利略已成为科学史学家的问题人物。}
• His rebellious behavior made him a problem child at school. ^{他的叛逆行为使他成为学校的问题儿童。}
• The project turned into a problem child, causing delays and disputes. ^{这个项目变成了一个问题儿童，导致延误和争议。}

The old view of Galileo was delightfully uncomplicated.

the view of Galileo ^{对于伽利略的看法}

• The view of Galileo was shaped by his revolutionary discoveries. ^{对伽利略的看法因他的革命性发现而形成。}
• Historians now challenge the view of Galileo as a simple rebel. ^{历史学家现在质疑对伽利略作为简单叛逆者的看法。}
• The view of Galileo in his time was one of controversy and genius. ^{在他那个时代，对伽利略的看法是充满争议和天才的。}

delightfully ^{令人高兴地}

• The old view of Galileo was delightfully uncomplicated. ^{对伽利略的旧看法令人高兴地简单。}
• The garden was delightfully peaceful in the morning. ^{花园在早晨令人高兴地宁静。}
• Her speech was delightfully engaging and humorous. ^{她的演讲令人高兴地引人入胜且幽默。}

He was, above all, a man who experimented: who despised the prejudice and book learning of the Aristotelians, who put his questions to nature instead of to the ancients, and who drew his conclusions fearlessly.

prejudice ^{偏见、成见}

• He despised the prejudice and book learning of the Aristotelians. ^{他鄙视亚里士多德学派的偏见和书本知识。}
• Prejudice against women limited their opportunities in science. ^{对女性的偏见限制了她们在科学领域的机会。}
• Overcoming prejudice is essential for a fair society. ^{克服偏见是建立公平社会的关键。}

put questions to ^向…提问

• He put his questions to nature instead of the ancients. ^{他向自然提问，而不是向古人提问。}
• The scientist put questions to the data to uncover new insights. ^{科学家通过向数据提问发现了新的见解。}
• She put questions to the expert during the lecture. ^{她在讲座中向专家提问。}

preposition with adverb or prepositional phrase ^{介词后接副词或介词短语}

• There is a fine view from here. ^{从这里可以看到美丽的景色。}
• I heard them calling me from below. ^{我听到他们从下面叫我。}
• Towards midday, a girl heard a muffled cry coming from behind one of the walls. ^{接近中午时，一个女孩听到从墙后传来的低沉叫声。}

Aristotle ^{亚里士多德}

• Aristotle proposed a finite, spherical universe with the earth as its center. ^{亚里士多德提出宇宙是有限的球形，以地球为中心。}
• Aristotle was the tutor of Alexander the Great. ^{亚里士多德是大亚历山大的导师。}
• His works on logic and ethics by Aristotle influenced Western thought. ^{亚里士多德的逻辑和伦理学著作影响了西方思想。}

He had been the first to turn a telescope to the sky, and he had seen there evidence enough to overthrow Aristotle and Ptolemy together.

Ptolemy ^托勒密

• Ptolemy believed all heavenly bodies revolved around the earth. ^{托勒密认为所有天体绕地球旋转。}
• Galileo’s observations helped overthrow Ptolemy’s astronomical theories. ^{伽利略的观测帮助推翻了托勒密的天文学理论。}
• Ptolemy’s system dominated scientific thought until the 16th century. ^{托勒密的体系在16世纪之前一直主导着科学思想。}

He was the man who climbed the Leaning Tower of Pisa and dropped various weights from the top, who rolled balls down inclined planes, and then generalized the results of his many experiments into the famous law of free fall.

inclined plane ^倾斜面

• He rolled balls down an inclined plane to study motion. ^{他在倾斜面上滚下球来研究运动。}
• The inclined plane was used to demonstrate principles of physics. ^{倾斜面被用来展示物理原理。}
• Students built an inclined plane for their science experiment. ^{学生们为科学实验搭建了一个倾斜面。}

generalize sthA. into sthB. ^{把A归纳总结出B}

• He generalized the results of his experiments into the law of free fall. ^{他将实验结果归纳为自由落体定律。}
• Scientists generalized their findings into a new theory. ^{科学家们将他们的发现归纳成一个新理论。}
• She generalized her observations into a broader hypothesis. ^{她将观察结果归纳为一个更广泛的假设。}

Leaning Tower of Pisa ^比萨斜塔

• Galileo conducted experiments at the Leaning Tower of Pisa. ^{伽利略在比萨斜塔进行实验。}
• The Leaning Tower of Pisa is a famous example of Romanesque architecture. ^{比萨斜塔是罗马式建筑的著名例子。}
• Legend says Galileo dropped weights from the Leaning Tower of Pisa to test his theories. ^{传说伽利略从比萨斜塔上扔下重物来验证他的理论。}

But a closer study of the evidence, supported by a deeper sense of the period, and particularly by a new consciousness of the philosophical undercurrents in the scientific revolution, has profoundly modified this view of Galileo.

be supported by ^{被…所支撑、基于…支撑}

• A closer study of the evidence, supported by a deeper sense of the period, has modified this view. ^{对证据的更深入研究，在对那个时期更深刻的理解支撑下，改变了这一观点。}
• Her argument was supported by extensive research data. ^{她的论点得到了广泛研究数据的支撑。}
• The project was supported by generous funding from the government. ^{该项目得到了政府慷慨资助的支撑。}

sense ^{认识、意识}

• A deeper sense of the period shaped their understanding of Galileo. ^{对那个时期更深的认识塑造了他们对伽利略的理解。}
• She has a strong sense of justice. ^{她有很强的正义感。}
• His sense of responsibility drove him to act. ^{他的责任感促使他采取行动。}

profoundly ^{深刻地、极大地}

• She was profoundly influenced by her mother. ^{她深受母亲的影响。}
• His speech profoundly impacted the audience. ^{他的演讲极大地影响了听众。}
• The discovery profoundly changed scientific thought. ^{这一发现深刻地改变了科学思想。}

modify ^{调整、稍作修改}

• The mediator attempted to get both sides to modify their position. ^{调解人试图让双方调整立场。}
• They had to modify the design to meet safety standards. ^{他们不得不修改设计以符合安全标准。}
• She modified her approach based on feedback. ^{她根据反馈调整了方法。}

Today, although the old Galileo lives on in many popular writings, among historians of science a new and more sophisticated picture has emerged.

live ^存在

• Where do the knives live in your kitchen? ^{你厨房里的刀具存放在哪里？}
• Old traditions still live in rural communities. ^{古老的传统依然存在于农村社区。}
• His legacy lives on in modern science. ^{他的遗产在现代科学中继续存在。}

picture ^{心目中的形象}

• Can you form a picture of what I described to you? ^{你能想象出我描述的情景吗？}
• Most of us have formed an unrealistic picture of life on a desert island. ^{我们大多数人对荒岛生活的想象不切实际。}
• A new picture of Galileo has emerged among historians. ^{历史学家中形成了对伽利略的新形象。}

At the same time our sympathy for Galileo's opponents has grown somewhat.

sympathy for ^{对…的同情}

• Our sympathy for Galileo's opponents has grown. ^{我们对伽利略对手的同情有所增加。}
• She expressed sympathy for the victims of the disaster. ^{她对灾难受害者表达了同情。}
• He felt deep sympathy for those who suffered. ^{他对受苦的人深感同情。}

opponent ^{对手、反对者}

• Galileo’s opponents resisted his theories fiercely. ^{伽利略的对手强烈反对他的理论。}
• She faced a tough opponent in the debate. ^{她在辩论中面对一个强大的对手。}
• The politician’s opponents criticized his policies. ^{这位政治家的反对者批评了他的政策。}

His telescopic observations are justly immortal; they aroused great interest at the time, they had important theoretical consequences, and they provided a striking demonstration of the potentialities hidden in instruments and apparatus.

just ^{公正的、正当的}

• His telescopic observations are justly immortal. ^{他的望远镜观测理所应当地不朽。}
• She received a just reward for her efforts. ^{她因努力获得了公正的回报。}
• The decision was seen as just by all parties. ^{所有相关方认为这个决定是公正的。}

consequence ^{结果、后果}

• His observations had important theoretical consequences. ^{他的观测产生了重要的理论后果。}
• The consequences of climate change are far-reaching. ^{气候变化的后果影响深远。}
• They ignored the ecological consequences of their actions. ^{他们忽视了自己行为的生态后果。}

potential/potentialities ^潜力

• It is true that China is still a developing country, but she is full of potential. ^{中国仍是一个发展中国家，但她充满潜力。}
• The new technology has vast potentialities for innovation. ^{这项新技术具有巨大的创新潜力。}
• His work revealed the potential of scientific inquiry. ^{他的工作揭示了科学探究的潜力。}

apparatus ^{仪器、器械}

• They provided a demonstration of the apparatus hidden in instruments. ^{他们展示了隐藏在仪器中的器械潜力。}
• The laboratory apparatus was carefully calibrated. ^{实验室仪器经过了精确校准。}
• A new piece of apparatus improved their experiments. ^{一件新的器械改进了他们的实验。}

But can we blame those who looked and failed to see what Galileo saw, if we remember that to use a telescope at the limit of its powers calls for long experience and intimate familiarity with one's instrument?

power ^倍数

• A 200-power microscope revealed tiny details. ^{一台200倍的显微镜揭示了微小细节。}
• Galileo used a 32-power telescope for his observations. ^{伽利略使用32倍的望远镜进行观测。}
• The new power settings enhanced the telescope’s clarity. ^{新的倍数设置提升了望远镜的清晰度。}

call for ^需要

• This sort of work calls for a high level of concentration. ^{这种工作需要高度的专注。}
• The quality is variable, so careful selection is called for. ^{质量参差不齐，因此需要谨慎选择。}
• In this era, challenges call for a balance of imagination and knowledge. ^{在这个时代，挑战需要想象力与知识的平衡。}

rhetorical question ^{修辞疑问句}

• Can we blame those who failed to see what Galileo saw? ^{我们能责怪那些未能看到伽利略所见的人吗？}
• What is the use of studying grammar if we can’t put it into practice? ^{如果我们不能将语法应用于实践，学习语法有什么用？}
• O, wind, if winter comes, can spring be far behind? ^{风啊，如果冬天来了，春天还会远吗？}

Was the philosopher who refused to look through Galileo's telescope more culpable than those who alleged that the spiral nebulae observed with Lord Rosse's great telescope in the 1840s were scratches left by the grinder?

allege ^{（未提出证据）断言、指称}

• He alleged that they had hired an assassin to dispose of him. ^{他声称他们雇佣了刺客来除掉他。}
• They alleged the results were falsified, but provided no proof. ^{他们声称结果是伪造的，但没有提供证据。}
• She alleged misconduct in the organization. ^{她指称组织内存在不当行为。}

We can perhaps forgive those who said the moons of Jupiter were produced by Galileo's spyglass if we recall that in his day, as for centuries before, curved glass was the popular contrivance for producing not truth but illusion, untruth; and if a single curved glass would distort nature, how much more would a pair of them?

as for centuries before ^{如同几个世纪之前}

• In his day, as for centuries before, curved glass was seen as producing illusion. ^{在他那个时代，如同几个世纪之前，曲面镜被认为制造幻象。}
• As for centuries before, traditions shaped their worldview. ^{如同几个世纪之前，传统塑造了他们的世界观。}
• Superstitions, as for centuries before, influenced their decisions. ^{如同几个世纪之前，迷信影响了他们的决定。}

curved glass ^曲面镜

• Curved glass was seen as a tool for illusion in Galileo’s time. ^{在伽利略时代，曲面镜被视为制造幻象的工具。}
• The curved glass in the telescope distorted early observations. ^{望远镜中的曲面镜扭曲了早期的观测。}
• Advances in curved glass improved optical instruments. ^{曲面镜的进步改善了光学仪器。}