Lesson 31 The sculptor speaks雕塑家的语言虚拟语气 状语从句

Appreciation of sculpture depends upon the ability to respond to form in three dimensions.

appreciation of ^{欣赏/理解}

• Appreciation of poetry and literature requires sensitivity. ^{欣赏诗歌和文学需要敏感性。}
• To get a full appreciation of what this means, we must turn to recent inventions. ^{要完全理解这意味着什么，我们必须参考最近的发明。}
• Her appreciation of art grew after visiting the gallery. ^{她在参观画廊后对艺术的欣赏增加了。}

That is perhaps why sculpture has been described as the most difficult of all arts; certainly it is more difficult than the arts which involve appreciation of flat forms, shape in only two dimensions.

the most difficult of all arts ⇒ the most difficult art of all ^{替换表达（理解放前与放后有何区别）在所有…之中}

• He is the greatest of all Western stars. ⇒ the greatest Western star of all ^{他是所有西方明星中最伟大的。}
• It was the most valuable of all finds. ⇒ the most valuable find of all ^{这是所有发现中最有价值的。}
• the most difficult of all obstacles ⇒ the most difficult obstacle of all
• the most frightening of all things ⇒ the most frightening thing of all
• the deepest holes of all ⇒ the deepest of all holes

involve (doing) sth. ^{需要（做）某事}

• Community service can involve anything from gardening to helping in old people's homes. ^{社区服务可以包括从园艺到帮助养老院的任何事情。}
• Jane was on a diet which involved eating nothing but fruit. ^{简在节食，只吃水果。}
• The project involves working long hours. ^{这个项目需要长时间工作。}

Many more people are 'form-blind' than colour-blind.

many / far more ^多得多

• Far more people attended the event than expected. ^{参加活动的人比预期多得多。}
• We earned much more money this year than last year. ^{我们今年赚的钱比去年多得多。}

The child learning to see, first distinguishes only two-dimensional shape; it cannot judge distances, depths.

distinguish ^{v.看清，认出；区别，分清}

• She can distinguish between different types of birds. ^{她能区分不同种类的鸟。}
• It’s hard to distinguish the twins apart. ^{很难区分这对双胞胎。}
• Sometimes reality and fantasy are hard to distinguish. ^{有时候现实和幻想很难区分。}

Later, for its personal safety and practical needs, it has to develop (partly by means of touch) the ability to judge roughly 3-dimensonal distances.

judge ^{v.判断，认为；裁判，评判；估计}

• He learned to judge the quality of artwork. ^{他学会了判断艺术品的质量。}
• It’s difficult to judge the depth of the water from here. ^{从这里很难判断水的深度。}
• He was asked to judge a literary competition. ^{他被邀请评判一场文学竞赛。}

But having satisfied the requirements of practical necessity, most people go no further.

go further ^更进一步

• I can offer you 50, but I can't go any further than that. ^{我可以给你50，但我不能再多给了。}
• Whaling in Australia was stopped. But the Australian government went further and proposed a global ban. ^{澳大利亚政府更进一步，提出了全球禁令。}
• She decided to go further in her studies. ^{她决定在学业上更进一步。}

Though they may attain considerable accuracy in the perception of flat form, they do not make the further intellectual and emotional effort needed to comprehend form in its full spatial existence.

spatial ^{adj.relating to the size, shape, and position of things, and the relation of objects to each other in space 空间的}

• Changes in the spatial distribution of the population were noted. ^{人口空间分布的变化被记录下来(changes taking place in the spatial distribution of the population)。}
• The child’s spatial awareness developed over time. ^{孩子的空间意识随着时间发展(the development of a child's spatial awareness )。}
• At the moment, urban landscapes are highly managed and limited in their spatial extent. ^{目前，城市景观被高度管理，空间范围受到限制。}

in existence ^存在

• This is the oldest Hebrew manuscript in existence. ^{这是现存最古老的希伯来手稿。}
• The species is the rarest in existence today. ^{这个物种是当今现存最稀有的。}
• Few documents from that era remain in existence. ^{那个时代的文件很少存留至今。}

intellectual and emotional effort ^{智力和情感上的努力(句中perception和effort都是名词，在中文中都当动词来翻译)}

Though it may be possible to measure the value of material goods in terms of money, it is extremely difficult to estimate the true value of the services which people perform for us.

• Though people may attain considerable accuracy in the perception of the power of money, most of them do not make the further intellectual and emotional effort needed to comprehend the meaning of life.
  ^{尽管人们可以相当精确地感知金钱的力量，但是他们之中的大多数在智力上和情感上却没有进一步努力去理解人生的意义。}
• Though we may attain considerable accuracy in the measurement of the value of material goods, most of us do not make the further intellectual and emotional effort needed to estimate the true value of the services which people perform for us.
  ^{尽管我们可以相当精确地衡量物质商品的价值，但是我们之中多数人在智力和情感上却没有进一步努力去估算人们为我们做的服务的真正价值。}

This is what the sculptor must do.

sculptor’s task ^{雕塑家的任务}

• The sculptor’s task is to envision form in three dimensions. ^{雕塑家的任务是想象三维形式。}
• A sculptor’s task requires immense creativity and precision. ^{雕塑家的任务需要巨大的创造力和精确性。}
• The sculptor’s task involves understanding spatial relationships. ^{雕塑家的任务包括理解空间关系。}

He must strive continually to think of, and use, form in its full spatial completeness.

strive ^{v.try very hard to obtain or achieve sth. （为获得或实现某事物） 努力，奋斗}

• We strive to be accurate, but some mistakes are inevitable. ^{我们努力做到准确，但一些错误不可避免。}
• Women were striving for more freedom in that era. ^{那个时代的女性为争取更多自由而努力。}
• women who were striving for more freedom 
• He strives to perfect his craft every day. ^{他每天努力完善自己的技艺。}

think of ^{想象某事物}

• Just think of the expense! ^{想想那笔开销吧！}
• He must think of form in its full spatial completeness. ^{他必须想象形式在完整的空间存在。}
• Can you think of a better solution? ^{你能想到更好的解决方案吗？}

He gets the solid shape, as it were, inside his head -- he thinks of it, whatever its size (is), as if he were holding it completely enclosed in the hollow of his hand.

as it were / so to speak ^好像

• They will be able, as it were, to see and hear us in action. ^{他们好像能看到和听到我们在行动。}
• It is said that the nerve poison is the more primitive of the two, that the blood poison is, so to speak, a newer product from an improved formula.
• He gets the shape, as it were, inside his head. ^{他好像在脑海中构想了形状。}

whatever ^{无论什么(引导让步状语从句时，常省略 be 动词)}

• Whatever the source of noise (is), one thing is certain. ^{无论噪音来源是什么，有一件事是确定的。}
• Whatever her faults (are), she is your mother. ^{无论她有什么缺点，她是你的母亲。}
• The country is beautiful whatever the season (is). ^{无论什么季节，这个国家都很美。}

as if / as though ^好像

从句中表达与事实相反或可能性很小时，可以用虚拟语气。与现在事实相反用一般过去时（be 动词一般用 were），与过去事实相反用过去完成时，与未来趋势相反用 would / should / could / might + 动词原形

• It is as if a single unimportant event set up a chain of reactions.
• It's as if they were in some sense cosmic beings in violent and lovely contrast with us suburban creatures.
• …, but I do not turn for protection to dreary clichés about respect of elders, as if mere age were a reason for respect.
• Gesticulating wildly, the man acted as if he found my offer outrageous, but he eventually reduced  the price to ₤10.
• Speculations about its nature have been going on for literally thousands of years, and one odd finding that makes the problem puzzling is that it looks very much as if sleeping is not simply a matter of giving the body a rest.
• He thinks of it, as if he were holding it in his hand. ^{他想象它，好像正握在手中。}
• Don’t act as if you were the only pebble on the beach. ^{不要表现得好像你是唯一重要的人。}
• It looks as though it might rain. ^{看起来好像要下雨了。}
• Don’t act as if you were the only pebble on the beach. ^{不要自视太高}
• As if this were not enough to reduce you to tears, your husband arrives, unexpectedly bringing three guests to dinner.
• I felt as if I had stumbled  into a nightmare country, as you sometimes do in dreams. 
• It looks as if it might rain.

hollow ^{n.a place in something that is at a slightly lower level than its surface 凹陷处}

• The dog found a hollow in the ground to hide from the wind. ^{狗在地面上找到一个凹陷处躲避风。}
• She held the small bird in the hollow of her hand. ^{她将小鸟握在手的凹陷处。}
• He envisioned the shape in the hollow of his mind. ^{他在脑海的凹陷处想象形状。}

He mentally visualizes a complex form from all round itself; he knows while he looks at one side what the other side is like; he identifies himself with its centre of gravity, its mass, its weight; he realizes its volume as the space that the shape displaces in the air.

from all round ^{副词和介词短语都可以作介词的宾语}

• Towards midday, a girl heard a muffled cry coming from behind one of the walls.
• I took my watch from under the pillow.
• We didn’t meet until after the show.
• The weather has been fine except in the north.
• there was a slight trembling sound from below
• There is a fine view from here.
• I heard them calling me from below.
• They have just returned from abroad.
• He picked up the gun from behind the counter.
• I live near here.
• When I returned from abroad recently, a particularly officious young Customs Officer clearly regarded me as a smuggler.
• Suddenly, there was a slight trembling sound from below, and the captain went down to see what had happened.
• Before long, biscuits of all shapes and sizes began arriving at the factory.
• After crossing the equator, the captain called in at a port to have a new rudder fitted, but by now the Thermopylae was over five hundred miles ahead.
• The statue was admired from all round the gallery. ^{这座雕像从画廊的四周被欣赏。}
• She examined the object from all round to understand its structure. ^{她从四周检查物体以理解其结构。}

identify … with … ^{把…与…联系起来;把…和…等同起来}

• One cannot identify happiness with wealth. ^{不能将幸福与财富等同起来。}
• Never identify opinions with facts. ^{永远不要将观点与事实等同。}
• He refused to identify himself with the new political party. ^{他拒绝将自己与新政党联系起来。}
• The politician is too closely identified with the former government to become a minister in ours.

displace ^{v.to take the place of sb. or sth. 代替，取代}

• Gradually factory workers have been displaced by machines. ^{工厂工人逐渐被机器取代。}
• The new technology displaced older methods. ^{新技术取代了旧方法。}
• Modern designs have displaced traditional styles in architecture. ^{现代设计取代了建筑中的传统风格。}

And the sensitive observer of sculpture must also learn to feel shape simply as shape, not as description or reminiscence.

feel shape as shape ^{感受形状本身}

• Artists are trained to feel shape as shape without external associations. ^{艺术家被训练去感受形状本身，不带外部联想。}
• To appreciate sculpture, one must feel shape as shape purely. ^{要欣赏雕塑，必须纯粹地感受形状本身。}

He must, for example, perceive an egg as a simple single solid shape quite apart from its significance as food, or from the literary idea that it will become a bird.

perceive … as … ^{把…当做是…认为…是…}

• She did not perceive herself as disabled. ^{她并未把自己视为残疾人。}
• Computers were often perceived as a threat. ^{计算机常被视为一种威胁。}
• Even as a young woman, she had been perceived as a future chief executive. ^{即使在年轻时，她也被认为是一位未来的首席执行官。}

apart from ^{除了/脱离}

• Apart from anything else I was starving. ^{别的不说，我快饿死了。}
• She keeps herself apart from other people.^{她与其他人保持距离。}
• Her elegant style sets her apart from other journalists. ^{她的典雅风格使她与其他记者截然不同。}

And so with solids such as a shell, a nut, a plum, a pear, a tadpole, a mushroom, a mountain peak, a kidney, a carrot, a tree-trunk, a bird, a bud, a lark, a ladybird, a bulrush, a bone.

solids ^立体物体

• He must feel solids like a shell as solids. ^{他必须将贝壳等立体物体感受为立体物体。}
• The sculptor studies solids such as a nut or a bone. ^{雕塑家研究像坚果或骨头这样的立体物体。}
• Understanding solids like a tree-trunk is key to sculpture. ^{理解像树干这样的立体物体是雕塑的关键。}

From these he can go on to appreciate more complex forms or combinations of several forms.

go on to do sth. ^{继续做下一件事（完成某事后）}

• What proportion of people who are HIV-positive go on to develop AIDS?
• The book goes on to describe his experiences in the army. ^{这本书继续描述他在军队中的经历。}
• After finishing the basics, she went on to learn advanced techniques. ^{完成基础后，她继续学习高级技术。}
• He went on to explore more complex forms of art. ^{他继续探索更复杂的艺术形式。}