Lesson 31 The sculptor speaks雕塑家的语言

Appreciation of sculpture depends upon the ability to respond to form in 3 dimensions.

appreciation of ^{欣赏/理解}

• Appreciation of poetry and literature requires sensitivity. ^{欣赏诗歌和文学需要敏感性。}
• To get a full appreciation of what this means, we must turn to recent inventions. ^{要完全理解这意味着什么，我们必须参考最近的发明。}
• Her appreciation of art grew after visiting the gallery. ^{她在参观画廊后对艺术的欣赏增加了。}

That is perhaps why sculpture has been described as the most difficult of all arts; certainly it is more difficult than the arts which involve appreciation of flat forms, shape in only two dimensions.

of all ^{在所有…之中}

• Sculpture is the most difficult of all arts. ^{雕塑是所有艺术中最难的。}
• He is the greatest of all Western stars. ^{他是所有西方明星中最伟大的。}
• It was the most valuable of all finds. ^{这是所有发现中最有价值的。}

involve (doing) sth. ^{需要（做）某事}

• Community service can involve anything from gardening to helping in old people's homes. ^{社区服务可以包括从园艺到帮助养老院的任何事情。}
• Jane was on a diet which involved eating nothing but fruit. ^{简在节食，只吃水果。}
• The project involves working long hours. ^{这个项目需要长时间工作。}

Many more people are 'form-blind' than colour-blind.

many/far more ^多得多

• Many more people are 'form-blind' than colour-blind. ^{比色盲多得多的人是“形盲”。}
• Far more people attended the event than expected. ^{参加活动的人比预期多得多。}
• We earned much more money this year than last year. ^{我们今年赚的钱比去年多得多。}

The child learning to see, first distinguishes only two-dimensional shape; it cannot judge distances, depths.

distinguish ^区分

• The child first distinguishes only two-dimensional shape. ^{孩子首先只能区分二维形状。}
• She can distinguish between different types of birds. ^{她能区分不同种类的鸟。}
• It’s hard to distinguish the twins apart. ^{很难区分这对双胞胎。}

Later, for its personal safety and practical needs, it has to develop (partly by means of touch) the ability to judge roughly 3-dimensonal distances.

judge ^判断

• The child develops the ability to judge three-dimensional distances. ^{孩子发展出判断三维距离的能力。}
• He learned to judge the quality of artwork. ^{他学会了判断艺术品的质量。}
• It’s difficult to judge the depth of the water from here. ^{从这里很难判断水的深度。}

But having satisfied the requirements of practical necessity, most people go no further.

go further ^更进一步

• I can offer you 50, but I can't go any further than that. ^{我可以给你50，但我不能再多给了。}
• The Australian government went further and proposed a global ban. ^{澳大利亚政府更进一步，提出了全球禁令。}
• She decided to go further in her studies. ^{她决定在学业上更进一步。}

Though they may attain considerable accuracy in the perception of flat form, they do not make the further intellectual and emotional effort needed to comprehend form in its full spatial existence.

spatial ^空间的

• They do not comprehend form in its full spatial existence. ^{他们无法理解形式在完整空间中的存在。}
• Changes in the spatial distribution of the population were noted. ^{人口空间分布的变化被记录下来。}
• The child’s spatial awareness developed over time. ^{孩子的空间意识随着时间发展。}

in existence ^存在

• This is the oldest Hebrew manuscript in existence. ^{这是现存最古老的希伯来手稿。}
• The species is the rarest in existence today. ^{这个物种是当今现存最稀有的。}
• Few documents from that era remain in existence. ^{那个时代的文件很少存留至今。}

intellectual and emotional effort ^{智力和情感上的努力}

• They do not make the intellectual and emotional effort needed to comprehend spatial form. ^{他们没有付出理解空间形式所需的智力和情感努力。}
• Though people may attain accuracy in the perception of money’s power, most do not make the intellectual and emotional effort needed to comprehend life’s meaning. ^{尽管人们可以相当精确地感知金钱的力量，但大多数人没有付出理解人生意义所需的智力和情感努力。}
• Though we may measure material goods’ value, most do not make the intellectual and emotional effort needed to estimate the true value of services. ^{尽管我们可以衡量物质商品的价值，但大多数人没有付出估算服务真正价值所需的智力和情感努力。}

This is what the sculptor must do.

sculptor’s task ^{雕塑家的任务}

• The sculptor’s task is to envision form in three dimensions. ^{雕塑家的任务是想象三维形式。}
• A sculptor’s task requires immense creativity and precision. ^{雕塑家的任务需要巨大的创造力和精确性。}
• The sculptor’s task involves understanding spatial relationships. ^{雕塑家的任务包括理解空间关系。}

He must strive continually to think of, and use, form in its full spatial completeness.

strive ^{努力、奋斗}

• We strive to be accurate, but some mistakes are inevitable. ^{我们努力做到准确，但一些错误不可避免。}
• Women were striving for more freedom in that era. ^{那个时代的女性为争取更多自由而努力。}
• He strives to perfect his craft every day. ^{他每天努力完善自己的技艺。}

think of ^{想象某事物}

• Just think of the expense! ^{想想那笔开销吧！}
• He must think of form in its full spatial completeness. ^{他必须想象形式在完整的空间存在。}
• Can you think of a better solution? ^{你能想到更好的解决方案吗？}

He gets the solid shape as it were, inside his head -- he thinks of it, whatever its size, as if he were holding it completely enclosed in the hollow of his hand.

as it were / so to speak ^好像

• They will be able, as it were, to see and hear us in action. ^{他们好像能看到和听到我们在行动。}
• The nerve poison is a newer product, so to speak, from an improved formula. ^{神经毒素可以说是一种改进配方的新产品。}
• He gets the shape, as it were, inside his head. ^{他好像在脑海中构想了形状。}

whatever ^无论什么

• Whatever the source of noise, one thing is certain. ^{无论噪音来源是什么，有一件事是确定的。}
• Whatever her faults, she is your mother. ^{无论她有什么缺点，她是你的母亲。}
• The country is beautiful whatever the season. ^{无论什么季节，这个国家都很美。}

as if / as though ^好像

• He thinks of it, as if he were holding it in his hand. ^{他想象它，好像正握在手中。}
• Don’t act as if you were the only pebble on the beach. ^{不要表现得好像你是唯一重要的人。}
• It looks as though it might rain. ^{看起来好像要下雨了。}

hollow ^凹陷处

• The dog found a hollow in the ground to hide from the wind. ^{狗在地面上找到一个凹陷处躲避风。}
• She held the small bird in the hollow of her hand. ^{她将小鸟握在手的凹陷处。}
• He envisioned the shape in the hollow of his mind. ^{他在脑海的凹陷处想象形状。}

He mentally visualizes a complex form from all round itself; he knows while he looks at one side what the other side is like; he identifies himself with its centre of gravity, its mass, its weight; he realizes its volume as the space that the shape displaces in the air.

from all round ^从四周

• He visualizes the form from all round itself. ^{他从四周想象这个形式。}
• The statue was admired from all round the gallery. ^{这座雕像从画廊的四周被欣赏。}
• She examined the object from all round to understand its structure. ^{她从四周检查物体以理解其结构。}

identify … with … ^{把…与…联系起来}

• One cannot identify happiness with wealth. ^{不能将幸福与财富等同起来。}
• Never identify opinions with facts. ^{永远不要将观点与事实等同。}
• He refused to identify himself with the new political party. ^{他拒绝将自己与新政党联系起来。}

displace ^{代替、取代}

• Gradually factory workers have been displaced by machines. ^{工厂工人逐渐被机器取代。}
• The new technology displaced older methods. ^{新技术取代了旧方法。}
• Modern designs have displaced traditional styles in architecture. ^{现代设计取代了建筑中的传统风格。}

And the sensitive observer of sculpture must also learn to feel shape simply as shape, not as description or reminiscence.

feel shape as shape ^{感受形状本身}

• The observer must learn to feel shape as shape, not as description. ^{观察者必须学会感受形状本身，而不是作为描述。}
• Artists are trained to feel shape as shape without external associations. ^{艺术家被训练去感受形状本身，不带外部联想。}
• To appreciate sculpture, one must feel shape as shape purely. ^{要欣赏雕塑，必须纯粹地感受形状本身。}

He must, for example, perceive an egg as a simple single solid shape quite apart from its significance as food, or from the literary idea that it will become a bird.

perceive … as … ^{把…当做是…}

• She did not perceive herself as disabled. ^{她并未把自己视为残疾人。}
• Computers were often perceived as a threat. ^{计算机常被视为一种威胁。}
• Even as a young woman, she had been perceived as a future chief executive. ^{即使在年轻时，她也被认为是一位未来的首席执行官。}

apart from ^{除了/脱离}

• I've finished apart from the last question. ^{除了最后一个问题，我都完成了。}
• Apart from their house in London, they also have a villa in Spain. ^{除了伦敦的房子，他们在西班牙还有一栋别墅。}
• There can be no knowledge apart from practice. ^{脱离实践就没有知识。}

And so with solids such as a shell, a nut, a plum, a pear, a tadpole, a mushroom, a mountain peak, a kidney, a carrot, a tree-trunk, a bird, a bud, a lark, a ladybird, a bulrush, a bone.

solids ^立体物体

• He must feel solids like a shell as solids. ^{他必须将贝壳等立体物体感受为立体物体。}
• The sculptor studies solids such as a nut or a bone. ^{雕塑家研究像坚果或骨头这样的立体物体。}
• Understanding solids like a tree-trunk is key to sculpture. ^{理解像树干这样的立体物体是雕塑的关键。}

From these he can go on to appreciate more complex forms or combinations of several forms.

go on to do sth. ^{继续做下一件事}

• The book goes on to describe his experiences in the army. ^{这本书继续描述他在军队中的经历。}
• After finishing the basics, she went on to learn advanced techniques. ^{完成基础后，她继续学习高级技术。}
• He went on to explore more complex forms of art. ^{他继续探索更复杂的艺术形式。}