controversy [ˈkɔntrəvəːsi] n. 争议，争论
【扩】dispute 争议，争论
【搭】beyond controversy 无可争议
dust [dʌst] n. 纠纷，骚动
clash [klæʃ] n. 冲突
【扩】conflict 冲突
【搭】a clash between ……之间的冲突
【例】The two parties clashed in the conference.
在会议中双方意见发生冲突。
Inquisition [ˌiŋkwiˈziʃən] n. （罗马天主教的）宗教法庭
perspective [pəˈspektiv] n. 观点，看法
【扩】opinion 观点，看法
【搭】in perspective 比例正确
* * *
A: She has her own perspective on this matter.
B: Why doesn't she share her perspective with us?
A：在这件事情上，她有自己的观点。
B：她为什么不把想法拿出来和我们分享呢？
* * *
despise [diˈspaiz] v. 蔑视
generalize [ˈdʒenərəlaiz] v. 归纳
【派】generalization 归纳，概括
【扩】sum up 总结，概括
* * *
A: I don't think you can generalize about that.
B: What's the difference?
A：我认为对那事你不能一概而论。
B：有什么不一样的？
* * *
undercurrent [ˈʌndəˌkʌrənt] n. 潜流
theoretical [θiəˈretikəl] adj. 理论上的
【派】theoretically 理论上
【扩】logical 逻辑上的
potential [pəˈtenʃəl] n. 潜能
intimate [ˈintimit] adj. 详尽的
【派】intimately 密切地，私下地
【扩】exhaustive 详尽的 elaborate 详尽的
* * *
A: She has an imtimate knowledge of the law.
B: But she is not a lawyer, is she?
A：她深谙法律知识。
B：但她不是律师吧？
* * *
familiarity [ˌfəmiliˈæriti] n. 熟悉
culpable [ˈkʌlpəbəl] adj. 应受谴责的
【派】culpably 该罚地
【扩】reproachable 应受责备的
Aristotelian [ˌæristɔˈtiːljən] n. 亚里士多德学派的人
Aristotle [ˈæristɔtl] n. 亚里士多德（古希腊哲学家）
Ptolemy [ˈtɔlimi] n. 托勒密（古希腊天文学家）
Leaning Tower of Pisa 比萨斜塔
spiral [ˈspaiərəl] adj. 螺旋状的
【派】spirality 螺旋形
【搭】a spiral nebula 螺旋星云
nebula [ˈnebjulə] n. 星云
scratch [skrætʃ] n. 擦痕
contrive [kənˈtraiv] v. 谋划
【扩】conspire 谋划
【例】He somehow contrived a meeting with the president.
他总算设法见到总统了。
distort [diˈstɔːt] v. 歪曲
【派】distorted 歪曲的
【扩】misrepresent 歪曲
* * *
A: Stop distorting what I've said.
B: Can you make it clearer next time?
A：别再歪曲我的话了。
B：你下次能说清楚一点儿吗？
noun [抽象名词]争论，争议 - He is no stranger to controversy.
controversy n.a serious argument about something that involves many people and continues for a long time 很多人参与的持久而激烈的论战
- Euthanasia continues to be an issue of much controversy.
- Reports in today’s newspapers have added fuel to the controversy.
- The movie has sparked / provoked / stirred a controversy over homosexuality.
| controversial adj. 引起争论的；有争议的 |
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| debate n. [C, U] 在公共集会上或议会里就某问题进行的、常以表决结束的）辩论 | International Varsity Debate 国际团体辩论赛 |
dispute n. 争论；辩论；争端；纠纷
- The children’ dispute ended in a fight.
- He became embroiled in a dispute with his neighbours. 他与邻居们发生了争执。
- The two sides in the dispute say they are ready to talk. 争执双方说他们愿意商谈。
| be beyond dispute 不容置疑的 | China’s claims of sovereignty over the Vladivostok are beyond dispute. |
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discord n. [U]不一致；不和；纷争
- Money is the biggest cause of discord in marriage.
- The traffic sounds discord. 交通噪音刺耳。
- Harmony has yielded to discord. 和谐已经让位给了不和谐。
be in conflict with … 与…的冲突
- Union leaders are still in conflict with management.
- I'm in conflict with my parents on which major to choose. 我在选什么专业上和我的父母存在分歧。
- Many of these ideas appear to be in conflict with each other. 这些观念中有许多看上去似乎相互矛盾。
clash n. 冲突，不协调
- a clash of swords
- violent clashes between police and demonstrators
- personality / culture clash
| collision n. 碰撞；冲突；（意见，看法）的抵触；（政党等的）倾轧 | The play represents the collision of three generations. |
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noun [专属名词]沙尘；灰尘；粉末；尘雾；除尘，掸灰；<文>尸骨，遗骸；<文>凡身，肉体 - Dust is the very small pieces of dirt which you find inside buildings, for example, on furniture, floors, or lights.
verb [vt. 及物动词]擦去…的灰尘；把粉末撒于；<美，非正式>狠揍，杀死（某人） - When you dust something such as furniture, you remove dust from it, usually using a cloth.
dust n. 尘土；骚乱，混乱
- Ashes to ashes and dust to dust. 尘归尘，土归土。
- For dust thou art, and unto dust thou shalt return. 你本是尘土，也将回归尘土。
- The air smelled powerfully of dry dust. 空气中弥漫着浓烈的尘土味。
| gather / collect dust 尘封已久 |
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After hearing your whole history with Mike, it doesn't take a genius to figure out what the problem is. What is it? You. You don't want to be happy. You're a drama junkie. When there is no drama, you create it. You sleep with your ex-husband, you cheat on a coma victim and now you're hiking up a mountain after a guy who has no idea you're coming. Who knows? Maybe this guy will take you back. But once the dust settles, you'll kick up some more because you don't know how to Just Be Happy. 《绝望主妇》
noun [抽象名词]调查；宗教法庭；审讯 - What is this? The Spanish Inquisition?
noun [抽象名词]（观察问题的）视角，观点；透视（画）法；（几何）透视关系，投影比例；洞察力，判断力；景观，远景；角度；（声音）立体效果 - He says the death of his father 18 months ago has given him a new perspective on life.
adjective [原级]透视的 - In his art he broke the laws of scientific linear perspective.
perspective on … 对于…的视角、看法
- The book deals with a woman’s perspective on revolution.
from a historical / global / financial / Marxist perspective 从… 的角度
- The problem needs to be looked at from a historical perspective.
- From a historical perspective, the current economic shift is similar to the industrial revolution of the 19th century. 从历史的角度来看，当前的经济转型与19世纪的工业革命非常相似。
- The company needs to analyze market trends from a global perspective rather than just focusing on local sales. 公司需要从全球的视角分析市场趋势，而不仅仅是关注当地的销售。
- From a financial perspective, upgrading the server hardware now will save the company money in long-term maintenance. 从财务的角度来看，现在升级服务器硬件将为公司节省长期的维护成本。
- The professor analyzed the novel from a Marxist perspective, focusing on the struggle between different social classes. 教授从马克思主义的角度分析了这部小说，重点关注不同社会阶层之间的斗争。
| angle 角度；（考虑问题的）侧面 |
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| standpoint 立场；观点 |
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verb [vt. 及物动词]鄙视，厌恶，看不起（Do‘t despise your enemy.） - I can never, ever forgive him. I despise him.
adjective [原级]亚里士多德的；亚里士多德哲学的 - The Aristotelian view held for a long time, but eventually, it started to crumble in the light of more data.
noun [专属名词]亚里士多德学派的人；经验主义者（等于 Aristotelean） - And it takes you through to the Aristotelian theory.
noun [专属名词]亚里士多德 - All thinkers, to some degree, have read Aristotle through their own lenses.
noun [专属名词]托勒密（古希腊天文学家、地理学家） - The wisdom of the day was derived from Ptolemy, an astronomer of the second century, whose elaborate system of the sky put Earth at the center of all heavenly motions.
并在此非常感激那些“举报错误”的同学，这份笔记应属于所有的学习者，加油学习、共勉之 ~
noun [专属名词]比萨斜塔：位于意大利比萨市的一座著名的钟楼，因其显著的倾斜而闻名于世。 - It is famous for the leaning tower of Pisa.
verb [vt. 及物动词]概括，归纳；推广，普及；笼统地表达 - It would be foolish to generalize from a single example.
noun [专属名词]暗流；潜流 - Karen tried to swim after him but the strong undercurrent swept them apart.
adjective [原级]理论的；理论上存在的，假设的 - This is certainly a theoretical risk but in practice there is seldom a problem.
noun [抽象名词]<正式>潜力，潜能；<正式>潜在性，可能性 - All of these are useful breeds whose potentiality has not been realized.
adjective [原级]亲密的；个人的，隐私的；温馨的，幽静舒适的；详尽的，精通的；密切的，紧密的；有性关系的，暧昧的 - I discussed with my intimate friends whether I would immediately have a baby.
verb [vt. 及物动词]透露，暗示；宣布，通告 - He went on to intimate that he was indeed contemplating a shake-up of the company.
noun [专属名词]密友，知己 - We're not on intimate terms with our neighbours.
intimate vt. to tell sb. sth. in an indirect way 暗示
- He has intimated his intention to resign.
- He has intimated that he intends to resign.
intimate adj. 亲密的；密切的
- They have developed an intimate working relationship over the years. 多年来，他们建立了密切的工作关系。
- However, they managed to keep this room friendly and intimate. 然而，他们设法使这个房间保持一种友好和亲密的氛围。
- The cafe has an intimate but buzzy atmosphere. 咖啡馆气氛暧昧但又很活泼。
| intimate friends / atmosphere 亲密的朋友/温馨的气氛 | The restaurant has a very intimate atmosphere, perfect for a date. 这家餐厅的气氛非常温馨，非常适合约会。 |
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| intimate contact 亲密接触 | The disease can be transmitted through intimate contact. 这种疾病可以通过亲密接触传播。 |
| be intimate with sb. 与…有性关系 | He denied being intimate with the witness. 他否认与证人有性关系。 |
| intimacy n. 性行为；亲密；亲昵行为；隐私 | The couple shared a moment of quiet intimacy. 这对夫妇共享了一段静谧的亲密时光。 |
| intimate / intimation adj. 亲密的 / n. 暗示；通知 | The first intimation of trouble came when the power failed. 故障的最初预兆出现在停电时。 |
| imitate / imitation v. 模仿 / n. 模仿；仿制品 | Parrots can imitate human speech very accurately. 鹦鹉能非常准确地模仿人类的语言。 |
| intimidate / intimidation v. 恐吓 / n. 恐吓；威胁 | They tried to intimidate the voters into staying home. 他们试图通过恐吓让选民待在家里。 |
noun [抽象名词]精通，通晓；熟悉，亲切感；随便，冒昧 - When she saw the house, she had a feeling of familiarity.
familiarity n. 熟悉，通晓，精通
- Ellen’s familiarity with music is astonishing.
- Familiarity breeds contempt. —— Aesop.
| sb. be familiar with sth. 某人对某事很熟悉 |
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| sth. be familiar to sb. 某事对某人来说很熟悉/眼熟 |
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acquaintance n. 熟人；相识；了解；知道
- My acquaintance with Spanish literature is rather limited.
- I’m afraid I have only a passing acquaintance with Baroque music.
| be acquainted with sb. / sth. 对…认识、了解 |
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adjective [原级]有罪的；该责备的；不周到的；应受处罚的 - Their decision to do nothing makes them culpable.
culpable adj. 应受谴责的，应受处罚的
- culpable negligence
- Neighbouring Rwanda is also culpable. 邻国卢旺达也应该受到谴责。
- They held him culpable for the offence. 他们认为他有罪应受惩罚。
| be culpable for … 应该对…负责 | We are partly culpable for the state of events. |
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| hold sb. culpable 谴责某人 | He was held culpable for what had happened. |
culpability n. 可责；有过失；有罪
- After the accident, the company refused to accept culpability.
- I worry about my and my colleagues' culpability along these lines. 我担心我和我的同事们在这个方面犯了过失。
- No blame attached to me: I am as free from culpability as any one of you three. 我没有责任，像你们三位中的任何一位那样是无罪的。
| be responsible for … 应该对…负责 | He is responsible for the accident. |
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| hold sb. responsible 谴责某人 | He held me responsible whenever anything went wrong. |
| responsibility n. 责任，职责；义务 | Terrorists have claimed responsibility for the bomb attack. |
noun [专属名词]螺旋形，螺旋形之物；持续加剧的上升（或下降、恶化）；旋球 - Larks were rising in spirals from the ridge.
verb [vt. 及物动词]螺旋式上升（或下降），盘旋上升（或下降）；持续下降，持续恶化；急剧上升 - Vines spiralled upward toward the roof.
adjective [原级]螺旋形的；（医）扭折（骨折的一种）；spiral-bound的简称 - Most spiral-shaped snail species are predominantly dextral.
noun [专属名词]星云；角膜云翳 - As the nebula collapsed caused by its gravity, it spun faster and flattened into a disk.
verb [vt. 及物动词]（用指甲）挠，轻抓；（用指甲或利器）抓破，划破；划出，刮出（痕迹）；（用爪子）抓，刨；（鸟、哺乳动物，尤指鸡）用嘴（或爪子）扒地找食物；寻觅（难找的人或物）（scratch for）；艰难生活（scratch along）；勾掉，划去（写下的字）；<非正式> 仓促写下；（用尖利物）刮擦出声音；<非正式> 取消，撤销（想法或计划） - He scratched himself under his arm.
noun [专属名词]（某人皮肤上的）划痕，划伤；刮痕，划痕；抓，挠；刮擦声；唱片的嚓嚓声（指唱片纹道与唱针的摩擦噪声）；刮擦（多用于快板乐中，用手制止唱片转动，使其来回移动发出有节奏的嚓嚓声的技巧）；（高尔夫）零让步（表明选手不弱，能在场上达到规定击球的次数）；<非正式> 钱 - The seven-year-old was found crying with scratches on his face and neck.
adjective [原级]（球队或一群人等）仓促拼凑的，匆匆组成的；（高尔夫球员）无让杆的，无让步优待的；碰巧的；打草稿用的 - The Institute spends a lot of time scratching its head about how to boost American productivity.
noun [抽象名词]发明；发明物；想出的办法；计谋 - They wear simple clothes and shun modern contrivances.
verb [vt. 及物动词]扭曲，使失真；歪曲，曲解 - A painter may exaggerate or distort shapes and forms.
noun [具体名词]冲突，交战；争论，争执；交锋，比赛；分歧，差异；（金属的）撞击声；（时间上的）冲突，撞期；（颜色、图案等的）不相配 - There have been a number of clashes between police in riot gear and demonstrators.
verb [vt. 及物动词]迥然不同，抵触；冲突，交战；争论，争执；（时间上）相冲突，同时发生；（颜色、图案等）不协调，不相配；（体育）交锋，对阵；（使）撞击发出铿锵声 - A group of 400 demonstrators ripped down the front gate and clashed with police.
