But a closer study of the evidence, supported by a deeper sense of the period, and particularly by a new consciousness of the philosophical undercurrents in the scientific revolution, has profoundly modified this view of Galileo.

be supported by ^{被…所支撑、基于…支撑}

• …, based on a deeper sense of the period.  ^替换写法
• Her argument was supported by extensive research data. ^{她的论点得到了广泛研究数据的支撑。}
• The project was supported by generous funding from the government. ^{该项目得到了政府慷慨资助的支撑。}

sense ^{n. understanding / consciousness 认识、意识}

• She has a strong sense of justice. ^{她有很强的正义感。}
• His sense of responsibility drove him to act. ^{他的责任感促使他采取行动。}
• Citizenship is about the sense of nationhood. ^{公民身份涉及国家意识。}

profoundly ^{adv. deeply; extremely 深刻地、极大地}

• She was profoundly influenced by her mother. ^{她深受母亲的影响。}
• His speech profoundly impacted the audience. ^{他的演讲极大地影响了听众。}
• The discovery profoundly changed scientific thought. ^{这一发现深刻地改变了科学思想。}

modify ^{v. 调整；稍作修改；使更适合}

• The mediator attempted to get both sides to modify their position. ^{调解人试图让双方调整立场。}
• They had to modify the design to meet safety standards. ^{他们不得不修改设计以符合安全标准。}
• She modified her approach based on feedback. ^{她根据反馈调整了方法。}

Today, although the old Galileo lives on in many popular writings, among historians of science a new and more sophisticated picture has emerged.

live ^存在

• Where do the knives live in your kitchen? ^{你厨房里的刀具存放在哪里？}
• Old traditions still live in rural communities. ^{古老的传统依然存在于农村社区。}
• His legacy lives on in modern science. ^{他的遗产在现代科学中继续存在。}

picture ^{心目中的形象}

• Can you form a picture of what I described to you? ^{你能想象出我描述的情景吗？}
• Most of us have formed an unrealistic picture of life on a desert island.
• A new picture of Galileo has emerged among historians. ^{历史学家中形成了对伽利略的新形象。}

At the same time our sympathy for Galileo's opponents has grown somewhat.

sympathy for ^{对…的同情}

• She expressed sympathy for the victims of the disaster. ^{她对灾难受害者表达了同情。}
• He felt deep sympathy for those who suffered. ^{他对受苦的人深感同情。}
• We expressed our sympathy for her loss. ^{我们对她的损失表示了同情。}

opponent ^{n. adversary; antagonist 对手、反对者}

• She faced a tough opponent in the debate. ^{她在辩论中面对一个强大的对手。}
• The politician’s opponents criticized his policies. ^{这位政治家的反对者批评了他的政策。}
• The wrestler put his opponent into a head hold. ^{那位摔跤手给对手来了个头部擒拿。}

His telescopic observations are justly immortal; they aroused great interest at the time, they had important theoretical consequences, and they provided a striking demonstration of the potentialities hidden in instruments and apparatus.

just ^{adj.公正的；正义的；正当的；合理的}

• She received a just reward for her efforts. ^{她因努力获得了公正的回报。}
• The decision was seen as just by all parties. ^{所有相关方认为这个决定是公正的。}
• Everyone deserves a just trial in a court of law. ^{每个人在法庭上都应当获得公正的审判。}

consequence ^{n.The consequences of something are the results or effects of it. 结果;后果；影响}

• The consequences of climate change are far-reaching. ^{气候变化的后果影响深远。}
• They ignored the ecological consequences of their actions. ^{他们忽视了自己行为的生态后果。}
• ecological consequences ^生态后果

potential/potentialities ^潜力

• It is true that China is still a developing country, but she is full of potential / potentialities. ^{中国仍是一个发展中国家，但她充满潜力。}
• The new technology has vast potentialities for innovation. ^{这项新技术具有巨大的创新潜力。}
• His work revealed the potential of scientific inquiry. ^{他的工作揭示了科学探究的潜力。}

apparatus ^{n. [U] the tools or other pieces of equipment that are needed for a particular activity or task (精密)仪器；器械；装置}

• The laboratory apparatus was carefully calibrated. ^{实验室仪器经过了精确校准。}
• A new piece of apparatus improved their experiments. ^{一件新的器械改进了他们的实验。}

But can we blame those who looked and failed to see what Galileo saw, if we remember that to use a telescope at the limit of its powers calls for long experience and intimate familiarity with one's instrument?

power ^n.倍数

• A 200-power microscope revealed tiny details. ^{一台200倍的显微镜揭示了微小细节。}
• Galileo used a 32-power telescope for his observations. ^{伽利略使用32倍的望远镜进行观测。}
• The new power settings enhanced the telescope’s clarity. ^{新的倍数设置提升了望远镜的清晰度。}

call for  ^{[idiom] 需要}

In this era of rapid social and technological change leading to increasing life complexity and psychological displacement, unforeseen and kaleidoscopic challenges facing persons in most professions and academic fields call for a balance in which there are both imagination and knowledge. ^{Gre写作范文}

• This sort of work calls for a high level of concentration. ^{这种工作需要高度的专注。}
• The quality is variable, so careful selection is called for. ^{质量参差不齐，因此需要谨慎选择。}
• In this era, challenges call for a balance of imagination and knowledge. ^{在这个时代，挑战需要想象力与知识的平衡。}

rhetorical question ^{修辞疑问句(But can we blame those who ...)}

答在问中；不是陈述句，语气比陈述句更重；一般出现在文章或段落末尾；激起读者深思；避免陈述句的说教语气。

• What is the use of studying grammar if we can’t put it into practice? ^{如果我们不能将语法应用于实践，学习语法有什么用？}
• O, wind, if winter comes, can spring be far behind?  _{‘Ode to the West Wind’ —— P. B. Shelley}^{风啊，如果冬天来了，春天还会远吗？}
• We often speak of tramps with contempt and put them in the same class as beggars, but how many of us can honestly say that we have not felt a little envious of their simple way of life and their freedom from care?
• Could any spectacle, for instance, be more grimly whimsical than that of gunners using science to shatter men's bodies while, close at hand, surgeons use it to restore them? 
• Who among us has not dreamed of that?

They tell us, sir, that we are weak; unable to cope with so formidable an adversary. But when shall we be stronger? Will it be the next week, or the next year? Will it be when we are totally disarmed, and when a British guard shall be stationed in every house? Shall we gather strength by irresolution and inaction? Shall we acquire the means of effectual resistance by lying supinely on our backs and hugging the delusive phantom of hope, until our enemies shall have bound us hand and foot? ^{——Patrick Henry, March 23, 1775 ‘Give Me Liberty Or Give Me Death’}

Was the philosopher who refused to look through Galileo's telescope more culpable than those who alleged that the spiral nebulae observed with Lord Rosse's great telescope in the 1840s were scratches left by the grinder?

allege ^{（未提出证据）断言、指称}

• He alleged that they had hired an assassin to dispose of him. ^{他声称他们雇佣了刺客来除掉他。}
• They alleged the results were falsified, but provided no proof. ^{他们声称结果是伪造的，但没有提供证据。}
• She alleged misconduct in the organization. ^{她指称组织内存在不当行为。}

We can perhaps forgive those who said the moons of Jupiter were produced by Galileo's spyglass if we recall that in his day, as for centuries before, curved glass was the popular contrivance for producing not truth but illusion, untruth; and if a single curved glass would distort nature, how much more would a pair of them?

…, as curved glass was the popular contrivance for producing not truth but illusion, untruth for centuries before, curved glass was the popular contrivance for producing not truth but illusion, untruth; … ^{（方式状语从句，主谓省略）补全}

• On the occasions when they have pushed to shore an unconscious human being they have much more likely done it out of curiosity or for sport, as (they have done it out of curiosity or for sport) in riding the bow waves of a ship. ^{状语从句的省略}
• It is almost always due to some very special circumstances that traces of land animals survive, as traces of land animals survive by falling into inaccessible caves, or into an ice crevasse, like the Siberian mammoths, when the whole animal is sometimes preserved, as the whole animal is preserved in a refrigerator. ^{主语成分省略}

as for centuries before ^{如同几个世纪之前}

• As for centuries before, traditions shaped their worldview. ^{如同几个世纪之前，传统塑造了他们的世界观。}
• Superstitions, as for centuries before, influenced their decisions. ^{如同几个世纪之前，迷信影响了他们的决定。}

curved glass ^曲面镜

• The curved glass in the telescope distorted early observations. ^{望远镜中的曲面镜扭曲了早期的观测。}
• Advances in curved glass improved optical instruments. ^{曲面镜的进步改善了光学仪器。}