Lesson 27 The 'Vasa'“瓦萨’号独立主格 动名词 时间状语从句

From the 17th-century empire of Sweden, the story of a galleon that sank at the start of her maiden voyage in 1628 must be one of the strangest tales of the sea.

君主相关词汇 ^{Monarchy Terms}

• The empire of Sweden thrived in the 17th century. ^{17世纪的瑞典帝国蓬勃发展。}
• The emperor ruled vast territories. ^{皇帝统治着广阔的领土。}
• Italian city-states hired soldiers to princes. ^{意大利城邦为王子雇佣士兵。}
• Whenever the Italian city-states were at war with each other, Hawkwood used to hire his soldiers to princes who were willing to pay the high price he demanded.

galleon ^{n.a large sailing ship used mainly by the Spanish from the 15th to the 17th century （15 至 17 世纪的）西班牙大帆船}

• The galleon sank in 1628. ^{这艘西班牙大帆船在1628年沉没。}
• Galleons were vital for Spanish trade. ^{大帆船对西班牙贸易至关重要。}
• The wrecked galleon was a treasure ship. ^{失事的大帆船是一艘宝藏船。}

maiden ^{n.少女，未婚女子;首次}

• The ship sank on her maiden voyage. ^{这艘船在首次航行中沉没。}
• The Titanic sank on its first voyage. ^{泰坦尼克号在首次航行中沉没。}
• Her maiden work was a masterpiece. ^{她的处女作是一部杰作。}
• The tragic sinking of this great liner will always be remembered, for she went down on her first voyage with heavy loss of life.

tale ^{n. a story, esp. one which might be invented or difficult to believe 故事，传奇}

• One of the strangest tales of the sea. ^{最离奇的海洋故事之一。}
• Old sailors shared thrilling tales. ^{老水手分享了激动人心的故事。}
• The tale of the lost ship captivated all. ^{失踪船只的传奇吸引了所有人。}

For nearly 3.5 centuries she lay at the bottom of Stockholm harbour until her discovery in 1956.

she ^{指代船舶 Referring to Ships(指车、船、祖国 时常用)}

• What’s wrong with my car? she won’t start. ^{我的车怎么了？她发动不了。}
• China has done what she promised to do.
• She was carrying 1,316 passengers and crew of 891.
• She stands on dry land and is visited by thousands of people each year. 
• The Karen had been sailing in a convoy to Russia when she was torpedoed by an enemy submarine.

lie vs. lay ^词汇辨析

• The Vasa lay (lie, lay, lain) in the harbour for centuries. ^{瓦萨号在港口躺了几个世纪。}
• They laid (lay, laid, laid) the foundation yesterday. ^{他们昨天奠定了基础。}
• The wreck has lain undisturbed since 1628. ^{残骸自1628年以来未被打扰。}

名词化 ^{Nominalization}

For more than a century the Chinese people lived in the semi-colonial and semi-feudal society until the foundation of the People's Republic of China in 1949. ^{在一个多世纪的时间里中国人民生活在半殖民地半封建社会，直到1949年中华人民共和国成立。}

• She was keen to exploit her discovery commercially. ^{她渴望把自己的发现用到商业上。}
• The exploration of the wreck began soon after. ^{残骸的探索很快开始。}
• I could tell (that) he was angry from his expression. ^{从他的表情我看得出他生气了。}

For nearly two and a half hours she lay in a pool of blood until her discover at 8 o’clock a.m. ^{在将近两个半小时里她躺在血泊之中，直到上午八点被人发现。}

This was the Vasa, royal flagship of the great imperial fleet.

The Vasa ^{定冠词与船名 (Article with Ship Names)}

• The Vasa was the royal flagship. ^{瓦萨号是皇家旗舰。}
• The Titanic sank tragically. ^{泰坦尼克号悲惨地沉没。}
• The Cutty Sark is a museum ship. ^{卡蒂萨克号是一艘博物馆船。}

flagship ^{n.the most important ship in a group of ships belonging to the navy 旗舰}

• The Vasa, royal flagship of the fleet. ^{瓦萨号，舰队的皇家旗舰。}
• The flagship led the naval parade. ^{旗舰引领了海军游行。}
• She was the pride of the flagship line. ^{她是旗舰系列的骄傲。}

fleet ^{n.group of warships, submarines, etc. under one commander 舰队}

• The great imperial fleet was formidable. ^{伟大的帝国舰队令人畏惧。}
• The fleet sailed into battle. ^{舰队驶入战场。}
• A modern fleet includes submarines. ^{现代舰队包括潜艇。}

… royal flagship of … ^{唯一性省略定冠词 (Omission of Article)}

• He is (the) President of the United States.
• George W. Bush, （the）President of the United States. ^{乔治·W·布什，美国总统。}
• Who is （the）captain of the team? ^{谁是团队的队长？}

King Gustavus Adolphus, 'The Northern Hurricane', then at the height of his military success in the 'Thirty Years' War, had dictated her measurements and armament.

古人的头衔：丹妮莉丝·坦格利安（Daenerys Targaryen）安达尔人、洛伊拿人和先民的女王（Queen of the Andals, the Rhoynars and the First Men）、七国统治者（Lord of the Seven Kingdoms）、全境守护者（Protector of the Realm）、大草海的卡丽熙（Khaleesi of the Great Grass Sea）、镣铐破除者（Breaker of Shackles/Chains）、弥林女王（Queen of Meereen）、龙石岛公主（Princess of Dragonstone）、不焚者（Unburnt）、龙之母（Mother of Dragons）、弥莎（Mhysa）（母亲）、银发女王（Silver Queen）、银发女士（Silver Lady）、龙女王（Dragon Queen）等等。

Gustavus Adolphus ^{古斯塔夫·阿道夫}

Gustavus Adolphus (1594-1632) king of Sweden whose victories in battle made Sweden a European power; his domestic reforms made Sweden a modern state; in 1630 he intervened on the Protestant side of the Thirty Years’ War and was killed in the battle of Lützen.

Thirty Years’ War ^{三十年战争}

A series of wars in central Europe beginning in 1618 that stemmed from conflict between Protestants and Catholics and political struggles between the Holy Roman Empire and other powers. It ended with the Peace of Westphalia (1648).

be at the height of one’s success / fame / powers etc. ^{处于顶峰 to be more successful, famous etc than at any other time 在某人最…的时候}

• The Beatles were at the height of their fame.
• Adolphus was at the height of his military success. ^{阿道夫处于军事成功的顶峰。}
• The Beatles were at the height of their fame in the 1960s. ^{披头士在1960年代处于名声顶峰。}
• She was at the height of her career. ^{她处于事业的顶峰。}

dictate ^{v.to give orders, or state sth. exactly, with total authority 指定}

• The UN will dictate the terms of troop withdrawal from the region. 
• The boss dictated the project’s scope. ^{老板指定了项目的范围。}

measurement ^{n. [C, usually pl.] 英文解释：the length, height etc of something 尺寸}

• The Vasa’s measurements were carefully planned. ^{瓦萨号的尺寸经过精心规划。}
• Take measurements before buying furniture. ^{买家具前要量尺寸。}
• Accurate measurements ensured a perfect fit. ^{精确的尺寸确保完美契合。}

armament ^{n. [U] process of equipping military forces for war 武装}

• The Vasa’s armament included 64 cannons. ^{瓦萨号的武装包括64门大炮。}
• The navy upgraded its armament. ^{海军升级了武装。}
• Heavy armament strengthened the fleet. ^{重型武装增强了舰队实力。}

Triple gun-decks mounted 64 bronze cannon.

mount ^{v.to fix sth. into position on sth., so that you can use it, look at it or study it 将某物固定住（以备使用、展示或研究）}

• The diamond was mounted in gold. ^{钻石被镶嵌在黄金上。}
• A wall-mounted fan cooled the room. ^{壁挂式风扇为房间降温。}
• The specimens were mounted on slides. 
• The diamond is mounted in gold.
• a wall-mounted electric fan

bronze ^青铜

• The museum has a collection of ancient bronze statues. ^{博物馆收藏了一批古代青铜像。}
• Brass fittings adorned the ship. ^{黄铜配件装饰了船只。}
• Copper pipes were used below deck. ^{甲板下使用了铜管。}

cannon ^{n. (复数cannon 或cannons) a large heavy powerful gun that was used in the past to fire heavy metal balls（发射实心金属炮弹的旧式）大炮}

• Old cannons fired heavy metal balls. ^{旧式大炮发射重型金属球。}
• The fort’s cannons defended the harbor. ^{堡垒的大炮保卫了港口。}

She was intended to play a leading role in the growing might of Sweden.

intended ^{adj.planned or designed for a particular purpose or person 为了……而计划或设计的}

• Some of her art is intended to shock the viewer. ^{她的一些艺术旨在震动观赏者。}
• They intended to invest hugely in new technology. ^{他们打算在新技术方面投入大量资金。}
• This movie is intended to revive her flagging career. ^{这部电影意在使她渐趋衰败的事业再现辉煌。}

As she was prepared for her maiden voyage on August 10th, 1628, Stockholm was in a ferment.

ferment ^{n.[U, sing.] a situation of great excitement or trouble in a country, especially caused by political change 激动不宁，动荡不安}

• The whole country has been in a state of political ferment for some months.
• The country was in political ferment for months. ^{这个国家数月来处于政治动荡中。}
• Protests caused a ferment in the capital. ^{抗议活动在首都引发了动荡。}

From the Skeppsbron and surrounding islands the people watched this thing of beauty begin to spread her sails and catch the wind.

watch sb. do ^{观看某人做某事(不加to)}

• One bad winter we watched the river creep up the lower meadows.
• Couldn't I watch you do it? ^{我不可以看着你做这件事吗？}
• At mealtimes he would watch her eat. ^{到了进餐时间，他就会看着她吃饭。}

thing of beauty = beautiful thing ^美丽之物

• The Vasa was a thing of beauty. ^{瓦萨号是一件美丽之物。}
• The painting was a beautiful thing. ^{这幅画是一件美丽的事物。}
• Her dress was a thing of beauty. ^{她的礼服美不胜收。}

spread sails ^扬帆

• The Vasa began to spread her sails. ^{瓦萨号开始扬帆。}
• They spread sails at dawn. ^{他们在黎明时分扬帆。}
• A ship with all of its sails spread is a gallant sight. ^独立主格
• My heart has spread its sails to the idle winds for the shadowy island of Anywhere.

catch the wind ^兜住风

• The sails are torn; they won't catch the wind.
• You cannot catch the wind in a net.
• The kite caught the wind and soared. ^{风筝兜住风，翱翔天空。}

They had laboured for three years to produce this floating work of art; she was more richly carved and ornamented than any previous ship.

labour / labor ^{v. to work hard 辛勤工作}

• They laboured for three years on the Vasa. ^{他们在瓦萨号上辛勤工作了三年。}
• Five generations of his family have labored as fishermen.
• Three hours after the explosion, rescue teams were still laboring to free those trapped.
• Rescue teams labored to free the trapped. ^{救援队努力解救被困人员。}

work of art ^{n.a painting, statue, etc. 艺术品；（绘画、雕塑等）艺术作品}

• The Vasa was a floating work of art. ^{瓦萨号是一件漂浮的艺术品。}
• The gallery lost priceless works of art. ^{画廊丢失了无价的艺术品。}
• A number of priceless works of art were stolen from the gallery. 

richly ^{adv.if something is richly decorated, it is decorated a lot, in a way that is beautiful 富丽堂皇地}

• The Vasa was richly carved and ornamented. ^{瓦萨号雕刻和装饰得富丽堂皇。}
• A richly embroidered cloak was displayed. ^{一件金线刺绣的斗篷被展示。}
• The ceiling was richly carved with patterns. ^{天花板上雕刻着华丽的图案。}

The high stern castle was a riot of carved gods, demons, knights, kings, warriors, mermaids, cherubs; and zoomorphic animal shapes ablaze with red and gold and blue, symbols of courage, power, and cruelty, were portrayed to stir the imaginations of the superstitious sailors of the day.

be a riot of  ^{(fml.) be full of a collection of a lot of different types of the same thing 充满了，充斥着}

• The garden was a riot of colour. ^{花园里色彩缤纷。}
• The market was a riot of sounds and smells. ^{市场上充满了陌生的声音和气味。}
• With Indian cuisine, you expect a riot of tastes and spices. ^{印度菜肴口味丰富，并添加各种香料。}

ablaze ^{adj. burning strongly with a lot of flames 熊熊燃烧的}

• Within minutes the whole house was ablaze.
• Animal shapes ablaze with red and gold. ^{动物形状的雕刻闪耀着红金蓝的光彩。}
• The house was ablaze with flames. ^{房子熊熊燃烧。}

symbol of ^{…的象征、标志}

• The dove is a symbol of peace. ^{鸽子是和平的象征。}
• The lion is a symbol of courage. ^{狮子是勇气的象征。}
• The cross is the symbol of Christianity.

portray ^{v.to show sb./sth. in a picture; to describe sb./sth. in a piece of writing（以绘画或文字）描绘}

• The painting portrays the duke’s wife. ^{这幅画描绘了公爵的第三任妻子。}
• His poetry portrays trench life vividly. ^{他的战争诗生动描绘了战壕生活。}

Then the cannons of the anchored warships thundered a salute to which the Vasa fired in reply.

anchor ^{v. [I, T] 抛锚；下锚}

• We anchored (our boat) near / close to the shore. ^{我们将船停泊在岸边。}
• Before she had anchored, the men from the boats had climbed on board and the decks were soon covered with colourful rugs from Persia, silks from India, copper coffee pots, and beautiful hand-made silver-ware. 
• She anchored the evening news for seven years. ^{她主持了七年晚间新闻报道。}
• The ship was anchored off shore. ^{船停泊在离岸不远的地方。}
• We anchored off the coast of Spain. ^{我们在西班牙沿海抛锚停泊。}
• Her novels are anchored in everyday experience. ^{她的小说取材自日常生活经验。}

salute ^{n.an official occasion when guns are fired into the air to show respect 鸣礼炮致敬}

• Bands played, and there was a 21-gun salute.
• The soldier gave a salute, and the officer returned it. ^{士兵敬礼，军官回礼。}

fire / thunder a salute ^{鸣礼炮致敬}

• fire a salute of ten guns
• Then the cannons of the anchored warships thundered a salute to which the Vasa fired (a salute) in reply.
• The captain ordered his men to fire a salute. ^{船长命令部下鸣放礼炮。}

The sentry gave us a salute to which we waved in reply. ^{哨兵向我们敬礼，我们挥手还礼。}

As she emerged from her drifting cloud of gun smoke with the water churned to foam beneath her bow, her flags flying, pennants waving, sails filling in the breeze, and the red and gold of her superstructure ablaze with colour, she presented a more majestic spectacle than Stockholmers had ever seen before.

drift ^{v. to move slowly on water or in the air 漂流，飘移}

• The boat drifted down the river. ^{船顺河漂流而下。}
• Thick smoke from a forest fire drifted across the town.
• Before long, the noise dropped completely, and the boat began to drift gently across the water.

cloud ^{n.a large amount of smoke, dust, steam, etc. in the air 烟云，烟尘}

• The hens darted away on all sides, raising a cloud of dust.
• A cloud of gas leaked from the factory. ^{工厂泄漏出一团气体。}

churn (up) ^{v.if water, mud etc churns, or if something churns it, it moves about violently (使)翻滚，翻腾，汹涌奔腾}

• The ship’s propellers churned the waves. ^{船的螺旋桨将海浪搅成泡沫。}
• The water churned beneath the huge ship / to foam beneath her bow.
• The sea was churned up by heavy winds.

foam ^{n. [U] a mass of very small air bubbles on the surface of a liquid 泡沫}

• a glass of beer with a good head of foam
• The breaking waves left the beach covered with foam. 
• The ship's propeller churned the waves to foam.
• The wind howled and churned up the water into swirling foam.
• Beer had a thick head of foam. ^{啤酒上有一层厚厚的泡沫。}

pennant ^{n. long narrow flag tapering to a point, used on a ship for signaling or as identification （船上用作信号或识别标志的）长三角旗}

• Pennants waving adorned the Vasa. ^{飘扬的三角旗装饰着瓦萨号。}
• The ship flew a bright pennant. ^{船上挂着一面鲜艳的三角旗。}
• Pennants signaled the fleet’s identity. ^{三角旗标志着舰队的身份。}

fill ^{v. become full 充满}

• Sails filling in the breeze powered the Vasa. ^{帆在微风中鼓满，驱动瓦萨号。}
• The hall soon filled with guests quickly. ^{大厅很快挤满了客人。}
• The sails filled with wind at dawn. ^{黎明时帆被风鼓满。}

superstructure ^{n. the structural part of a ship above the main deck 甲板上部结构，船楼}

• Her superstructure was ablaze with color. ^{她的上层结构色彩鲜艳。}
• The ship’s superstructure housed officers. ^{船的上层结构为军官提供住所。}
• Damage to the superstructure was minimal. ^{上层结构的损坏很小。}

All gun-ports were open and the muzzles peeped wickedly from them.

gunport / gun-port ^{n.战舰上的炮门，炮眼;炮门;射击孔}

• Gun-ports lined the ship’s sides. ^{炮门排列在船的两侧。}
• Cannons fired through the gun-ports. ^{大炮通过炮门发射。}

muzzle ^{n.open end of a firearm, out of which the bullets, etc come 枪口，炮口}

• Muzzles peeped from the gun-ports. ^{炮口从炮门中探出。}
• The cannon’s muzzle was polished. ^{大炮的炮口被擦得锃亮。}
• Smoke poured from the muzzle. ^{炮口冒出浓烟。}

peep ^{v.to look at something quickly and secretly, especially through a hole or opening 窥视，窥探}

• We caught her peeping through the keyhole.
• Eyes peeped from behind the curtain. ^{眼睛从窗帘后偷偷窥视。}

As the wind freshened there came a sudden squall and the ship made a strange movement, listing to port. 

freshen ^{v. (of the wind) become strong and cool （指风）变得强而凉}

• The wind will freshen tonight. ^{今晚风会变大。}
• a freshening onshore breeze ^{一阵愈发强劲的陆上微风}
• The rain began to fall as the wind freshened. ^{随着风力增强，雨开始下了起来。}

非be 动词的存在句型 (existential sentences with verbs other than ‘ be’) 

there 常与 be 动词之外的不及物动词 (come, go, arrive, follow, rise, exist, appear, remain, live, lie, stand, happen, occur 等等) 构成存在句， 以突出句末的主语。

• There came to his mind her beautiful face. ^{她美丽的脸庞映入了他的脑海。}
• There remains nothing more to be done. ^{没有什么可做的了。}
• There followed an uncomfortable silence. ^{接着是一阵令人不安的沉默。}
• There rose in his imagination visions of a world empire. ^{在他的想象中升起了世界帝国的幻象。}
• Not long after this, there occurred a sudden revolution in public taste. ^{此后不久，公众品味突然发生了一场革命。}
• Fortunately for me, as I was wondering what to do next, there appeared on the horizon a man on horseback, riding in my direction.

nominalization of verbs ^{动词名词化}

• He made no other movement, but stood with his thumbs in his belt. ^{他没有再做其他动作，只是把拇指插在腰带里站着。}
• He became a colossus of the labour movement. ^{他成了劳工运动中的一位巨人。}

list ^{v.   (of a ship) lean over to one side（指船）倾侧}

• The ship lists to port. ^{船向左舷倾斜。}
• The damaged vessel was listing badly. ^{受损的船只严重倾斜。}
• After the collision, the boat began to list to one side. ^{碰撞后，船开始向一侧倾斜。}

The Ordnance officer ordered all the port cannon to be heaved to starboard to counteract the list but the steepening angle of the decks increased. 

ordnance ^{n. [U] large guns with wheels 大炮}

• The army ordered new ordnance for their defense. ^{军队订购了新的大炮用于防御。}
• The museum has a collection of historic ordnance. ^{博物馆收藏有历史悠久的大炮。}
• He is an Ordnance Officer, responsible for military supplies. ^{他是一名炮长，负责军事物资。}

heave ^{v.to push, pull, or lift a heavy object using a lot of effort 用力推、拖拽或提升重物}

• Alan heaved his suitcase onto his bed. ^{艾伦把手提箱用力提到了床上。}
• They had to heave the heavy box up the stairs. ^{他们不得不把那个沉重的箱子用力搬上楼。}
• With a great effort, she heaved the anchor. ^{她费了很大的力气才提起锚。}

counteract ^{v.to reduce or prevent the bad effect of something, by doing something that has the opposite effect 对抗，抵消}

• These exercises aim to counteract the effects of stress and tension. ^{这些练习旨在抵消压力和紧张的影响。}
• The government introduced measures to counteract inflation. ^{政府采取措施来抑制通货膨胀。}
• Drinking a lot of water can help to counteract dehydration. ^{多喝水有助于对抗脱水。}

steepen ^{v.to become or to make sth. become steeper (使)更陡峭}

• After a couple of miles, the slope steepened considerably. ^{几英里后，坡度大大增加。}
• The path began to steepen as we approached the mountain. ^{当我们靠近山时，小路开始变得更陡峭。}
• The company needs to steepen its growth trajectory. ^{公司需要加快其增长轨迹。}

Then the sound of rumbling thunder reached the watchers on the shore, as cargo, ballast, ammunition and 400 people went sliding and crashing down to the port side of the steeply listing ship.

rumble ^{v.make a deep heavy continuous sound 发出持续的低沉的声音}

• The machine rumbled as it started up. ^{机器启动时发出隆隆声。}
• thunder rumbling in the distance ^{远处传来隆隆的雷声}
• I'm so hungry my stomach's rumbling. ^{我太饿了，肚子咕咕叫。}

改变语序(altering word order) ^{突出句末或句首重点}

• Then the sound of rumbling thunder reached the watchers on the shore …  ⇐ Then the watchers on the shore heard the sound of rumbling thunder, … 
• We heard of the news that … ⇐ The news came to us that …
• We heard of the news that Beijing had won the right to host the 2008 Olympic Games.
• The news came to us that Beijing had won the right to host the 2008 Olympic Games.

cargo ^{n. [U and C] 英文解释：the goods that are being carried in a ship or plane（船或飞机上的）货物}

• The captain knew that another attempt would be made later, for the sunken ship he was trying to find had been carrying a precious cargo of gold bullion. 
• The ship was loaded with a large cargo of grain. ^{船上装载了大量谷物。}
• Air cargo is often used for urgent deliveries. ^{空运货物通常用于紧急交货。}

ballast ^{n. [U] heavy material that is carried by a ship to make it more steady in the water（船中用以保持平稳的）压舱物}

• The ship took on extra ballast to improve its stability. ^{这艘船增加了额外的压舱物以提高其稳定性。}
• Without proper ballast, the hot air balloon would be unstable. ^{如果没有适当的压舱物，热气球就会不稳定。}
• The train carriages were weighted down with ballast. ^{火车车厢用压舱物加重了。}

ammunition ^{n. [U] supply of bullets, bombs, grenades, etc fired from weapons or thrown 弹药}

• The soldiers ran out of ammunition during the battle. ^{士兵们在战斗中弹药耗尽了。}
• The factory produces various types of ammunition. ^{这家工厂生产各种类型的弹药。}
• They were well-supplied with weapons and ammunition. ^{他们有充足的武器和弹药。}

go doing ^{to move in a particular way  以某种方式移动 （做方式状语）}

• The plate went crashing to the floor. ^{盘子哗啦一声摔到地上。}
• The train went chugging up the hill. ^{火车突突地开上了山。}
• She went sobbing up the stairs. ^{她哭着跑上楼。}
• Chairs and tables went flying into the arcade.

The lower gun-ports were now below water and the inrush sealed the ship's fate. 

inrush ^{n. [C usually singular] an occasion when sth. such as water or air enters a place quickly（水或空气的）涌入}

• an inrush of air / water ^{空气/水的涌入}
• The inrush of fresh air filled the room. ^{新鲜空气涌入房间。}
• The sudden inrush of water caused the basement to flood. ^{突然涌入的水导致地下室被淹。}

seal one's fate / seal the fate of sb.  ^{to show or decide that sth. bad will definitely happen to someone  注定了…的厄运，使…在劫难逃}

• The discovery of new evidence sealed his fate. ^{新证据的发现注定了他在劫难逃。}
• The outbreak of war sealed the government's fate. ^{战争的爆发注定了政府的命运。}
• Further floods may have sealed the fate of the few remaining villages. ^{更多的洪水可能已经注定了剩下少数村庄的命运。}

In that first glorious hour, the mighty Vasa, which was intended to rule the Baltic, sank with all flags flying -- in the harbour of her birth.

birth ^{n.the time when something new starts to exist（新事物的）诞生}

• the birth of a nation ^{一个民族、国家的诞生}
• The film gave birth to a TV show of the same name. ^{这部电影催生了同名的电视剧。}
• The invention of the internet marked the birth of a new era. ^{互联网的发明标志着一个新时代的诞生。}