It is hard for us to realize nowadays how difficult it was for the pioneers.

it is hard for sb. to do sth. ^{sb.很难去做某事}

• It is hard for me to believe that he did this.
• It is hard for students to concentrate during long lectures.
• It is hard for animals to survive in extreme weather conditions.

Except for one or two places such as Zermatt and Chamonix, which had rapidly become popular, Alpine villages tended to be impoverished settlements cut off from civilization by the high mountains.

except for / but for ^{除了 / 若没有...}

• Except for your help, I couldn’t have finished the project. ^{若没有你的帮助，我无法完成这个项目}
• But for the rain, we would have gone hiking. ^{若不是下雨，我们就去远足了}
• I would buy a Mercedes except / but (that) I am poor.  ^{真实（接宾语从句后面的for要去掉）}
• I would buy a Mercedes if I were rich. ^虚拟

 Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.

Zermatt / Chamonix ^{地名：滑雪/登山胜地}

• Zermatt is a famous ski resort in Switzerland. ^{Zermatt是瑞士著名的滑雪胜地}
• Chamonix is the cradle of modern mountaineering. ^{Chamonix是现代登山的发源地}

tend to do ^{往往（常常）、倾向于（客观的趋势）}

• People tend to need less sleep when they get older. 
• Women tend to live longer than men.
• People tend to trust familiar brands. ^{人们往往信任熟悉的品牌}
• Teenagers tend to stay up late. ^{青少年往往熬夜}
• We tend to forget things when we're tired. ^{我们疲惫时往往会忘事}

settlements ^{居民点、村庄}

• Many settlements were established near rivers. ^{许多居民点建立在河流附近}
• The early settlements faced harsh conditions. ^{早期居民点面临恶劣环境}
• These small settlements gradually turned into towns. ^{这些小村落逐渐变成了城镇}

 (which were) cut off from civilization ^{与文明隔绝(相当于定语从句，定语的关系代词做主语，如果是Be动词，则可以同时省略)}

Such inns as there were were generally dirty and flea-ridden; the food was simply local cheese accompanied by bread often 12 months old, all washed down with coarse wine. ^{并列句，省掉了谓语动词be（was）}

inn ^{乡下小旅馆}

• We stayed at a cozy inn in the mountains. ^{我们住在山里的一个舒适的小旅馆}
• The old inn has been turned into a museum. ^{这家老旅馆被改成了博物馆}
• They opened a new inn near the hiking trail. ^{他们在徒步小径附近开了家新旅馆}

such / the same / as / so + 先行词 + as … ^{限定性定语从句（不用which和that）}

• I need the same tool as you are using. / I need such a tool as you are using. / I need as useful a tool as you are using.
• I want such a phone as you have. ^{我想要你那种手机}
• She needs the same book as I read. ^{她需要我读过的那本书}
• We admire such people as help others. ^{我们敬佩那些帮助他人的人}

并列句中谓语动词可省略

• …; the food (was) simply local cheese accompanied by bread often 12 months old.
• …,for a spider always has eight legs and an insect never (has) more than six.
• Paul likes poetry, and Peter (likes) fiction.
• Paul likes poetry, and I know that Peter likes fiction. 

accompany ^{vt.伴随（常见被动）}

• The disease is accompanied by sneezing and fever.
• strong winds accompanied by heavy rain ^非谓语
• The fever is accompanied by a severe cough. ^{发烧伴随着严重咳嗽}
• Success is often accompanied by stress. ^{成功常伴随压力}
• The meal was accompanied by fine wine. ^{这顿饭配上了美酒}

wash down with ^{用…送(服)下}

• We ate some sausage, and washed it down with whiskey.
• He washed down the pill with water. ^{他用水把药咽了下去。}
• She washed the meal down with beer. ^{她用啤酒把这顿饭吃下去。}
• They washed down the cake with coffee. ^{他们用咖啡吃下蛋糕。}

Often a valley boasted no inn at all, and climbers found shelter wherever they could --sometimes with the local priest (who was usually as poor as his parishioners), sometimes with shepherds or cheese-makers.

boast ^{（事物）拥有；（人）自夸}

• The town boasts a rich history. ^{这座城拥有丰富的历史}
• The school boasts excellent facilities. ^{这所学校拥有一流设施}
• He boasts of his achievements constantly. ^{他总是夸耀自己的成就}

shelter ^{住处、庇护所（不可数）}

• Food, clothing, shelter and transportation are basic necessities of daily life. ^{衣食住行【不可数】}
• They found shelter under a tree. ^{他们在树下找到了避难处}
• Many refugees need food and shelter. ^{许多难民需要食物和住处}
• The cave provided shelter from the storm. ^{山洞为他们挡住了风暴}

Invariably the background was the same: dirt and poverty, and very uncomfortable. ^{两个同位语}

invariably ^{总是、不变地}

• Invariably, he arrives late. ^{他总是迟到}
• Invariably, the result is the same. ^{结果总是一样的}
• Invariably, she chooses chocolate. ^{她总是选巧克力}

For men accustomed to eating seven-course dinners and sleeping between fine linen sheets at home, the change to the Alps must have been very hard indeed.

be accustomed to sth. / doing ^{习惯于做某事}

• Men accustomed to struggling for survival against the elements and Indians were bewildered by politicians, bankers and businessmen, and unhorsed by fences, laws and alien taboos.
• He is accustomed to working late. ^{他习惯了晚工作}
• She is accustomed to the cold. ^{她习惯了寒冷}
• They are accustomed to city life. ^{他们习惯了城市生活}

法式套餐之7道菜 ^常识

1. appetizer
2. soup
3. fish
4. main dish
5. salad
6. dessert
7. beverage