adverse [ˈædvəːs] adj. 逆的，相反的
【例】Adverse wind will hinder the ship.
逆风会使船只受阻。
purchase [ˈpəːtʃəs] v. 购买
* * *
A: What is your suggestion, Judy?
B: You have to make an investigation about consumer's habit to purchase.
A：朱迪，你有什么建议？
B：你应该做一个有关消费者购买习惯的调查。
* * *
preach [priːtʃ] v. 宣讲（教义），布（道）
【派】preacher 传教士
【搭】preach down 贬损
defendant [diˈfendənt] n. 被告
【例】The defendant defaulted yesterday.
被告昨天未到庭。
outlook [ˈautluk] n. 视野
【扩】eyereach 视野 eyeshot 视野
【搭】be on the outlook for 注视着
capacity [kəˈpæsiti] n. 能力
【扩】ability 能力
* * *
A: As for salary, I leave it to you to decide after testing my capacity.
B: That's fair.
A：关于薪水，请检验本人能力后再做定夺。
B：这很公平。
* * *
means [miːnz] n. 方法，手段，财产，资力
* * *
A: You should try every conceivable means.
B: Yes, I did. But it's useless.
A：你应该尝试一切能想到的方法。
B：我试了，但是没有用。
* * *
hamper [ˈhæmpə] v. 妨碍
* * *
A: The persistence of the heavy rain hampers the flow of traffic.
B: And it seems that the rain won't stop soon.
A：持续的大雨阻碍了交通运行。
B：并且这雨似乎不会马上停。
* * *
savannah [səˈvænə] n. 大草原
democratic [ˌdeməˈkrætik] adj. 民主的
* * *
A: Is it more truly democratic to hold a referendum?
B: Maybe. I think I can't tell it clearly.
A：举行全民投票是否真的更民主呢？
B：也许吧，我想我也说不好。
* * *
tribal [ˈtraibəl] adj. 部落的
【扩】gentilitial 部落的，民族的
* * *
A: Her father recently died in a tribal war.
B: Oh, how did it happen?
A：她父亲最近死于部落战争。
B：哦，怎么会发生这样的事情？
* * *
tribe [traib] n. 部落
【例】Alcohol is taboo in this tribe.
在这个部落酒是禁忌品。
illiterate [iˈlitərit] n. 文盲
compulsory [kəmˈpʌlsəri] adj. 义务的
【派】compulsorily 义务地
【搭】compulsory education 义务教育
* * *
A: Educaition is compulsory for all children in Britain between the ages of 5 and 15.
B: It's a little different from the situation in our country.
A：在英国5到15岁的孩子都要接受义务教育。
B：这和我们国家的情况有点不一样。
* * *
deem [diːm] v. 认为
* * *
A: Don't you deem that it is your duty to help him?
B: No, I don't think I should do it.
A：你不认为帮助他是你的责任吗？
B：不，我不认为我应该这么做。
* * *
juvenile [ˈdʒuːvənail] adj. 青少年的
【派】juvenility 年轻，不成熟
【扩】adolescent 青少年的
delinquency [diˈliŋkwənsi] n. 犯罪
adjective [原级]不利的，有害的；相反的；敌对的 - The police said Mr. Hadfield's decision would have no adverse effect on the progress of the investigation.
adverse adj. 不利的，相反的
- The new regulation had an adverse impact on small businesses. 这项新规定对小型企业产生了不利影响。
- In the catalog to their first exhibition, they actually invited adverse criticism ― but only because what they feared most was indifference.
- A man without an education, many of us believe, is an unfortunate victim of adverse circumstances, deprived of one of the greatest twentieth-century opportunities.
| adverse effects 不利影响；副作用 | Patients reported few adverse effects from the new medication. 患者报告新药的副作用很少。 |
|---|---|
| adverse weather conditions 恶劣的天气条件 | Flights were delayed due to adverse weather conditions. 由于恶劣的天气条件，航班被延误了。 |
| adverse circumstances 不利环境；逆境 | She showed remarkable resilience when facing adverse circumstances. 她在面对不利环境时表现出了非凡的韧性。 |
| adverse wind 逆风 | The plane was delayed by strong adverse wind during the flight. 飞机在飞行过程中因强烈的逆风而延误了。 |
| adverse criticism 不利的批评；负面评价 | The movie received considerable adverse criticism from the press. 这部电影受到了媒体相当多的负面评价。 |
| adversity 困境；逆境 | Adversity makes a man stronger and wiser. 逆境造就人（使人更强大）。 |
| in the face of adversity 面对逆境 | We struggled on in the face of adversity. |
| adversary （辩论、战斗中的）敌手；对手 opponent 对手；反对者 antagonist 敌手；对立者；（小说等中的）反面角色 |
|
I played basketball alongside famous players, and the team I now coach, the New York Knicks, has recovered from years of adversity to become a major contender in the 1990s.
| unfavorable circumstances 不利的情况/环境 | The project was delayed due to unfavorable circumstances beyond our control. 由于我们无法控制的不利情况，项目被推迟了。 |
|---|---|
| hostile climatic conditions 恶劣的气候条件 | The explorers had to survive hostile climatic conditions in the Arctic. 探险家们必须在北极恶劣的气候条件下生存。 |
| detrimental 有害的；不利的 |
|
adjective [原级]可买的；可买到的 - Sample shops display all purchasable goods, even in small towns.
noun [专属名词]传道士，牧师 ；鼓吹者 - He was a blood-and-thunder preacher.
noun [专属名词]【名】 （Preacher）（英）普里彻（人名） - I remember he went to Mrs. Watts's prostitute's house, and he got a hat on, and the hat just made him look like a preacher.
preacher n.传教士；宣扬者
- The traveling preacher spoke to a large crowd in the town square. 这位巡回传教士在镇中心广场向一大群人演讲。
| preach v.宣扬；布道；说教 |
|
|---|---|
| sermon n.（教堂里的）布道；说教 | The priest delivered an inspiring sermon on the power of forgiveness. 牧师就宽恕的力量进行了一场感人至深的布道。 |
| advocate v.主张；拥护；提倡 |
|
noun [专属名词]被告，被告人 - The defendant pleaded guilty and was fined $500.
defendant n.被告;被告人
- The defendant pleaded not guilty to all charges. 被告对所有指控拒不认罪。
- The jury found the defendant not guilty of the offence. 陪审团裁决被告无罪。
- The defendant complained of intimidation during the investigation. 被告申诉在调查期间受到了恐吓。
| plaintiff n.原告 | The plaintiff filed a lawsuit claiming breach of contract. 原告提起诉讼，指控对方违反合同。 |
|---|---|
| prosecutor n.检察官；公诉人 prosecute sb. 起诉某人；控告某人 |
|
| judge n.法官 | The judge will make a final ruling on the case next week. 法官将于下周对本案做出最终裁决。 |
| witness n.证人 | A key witness was called to testify about the accident. 一名关键证人被传唤就该事故作证。 |
| jury n.陪审团 | The jury took several hours to reach a verdict. 陪审团花了几个小时才达成裁决。 |
| attorney n.律师；代理人 | You should consult an attorney before signing the agreement. 在签署协议前，你应该咨询律师。 |
| solicitor n.事务律师 | A solicitor can help you with the legal paperwork for buying a house. 事务律师可以帮你处理买房的法律文书。 |
| barrister n.出庭律师 | The barrister represented the client during the high court trial. 出庭律师在高等法院审理期间代表当事人出庭。 |
| lawyer n.律师（总称） | She decided to become a lawyer to fight for social justice. 她决定成为一名律师，为社会公正而战。 |
| testimony n.证词 | The jury found her testimony to be very convincing. 陪审团觉得她的证词非常有说服力。 |
| affidavit n.宣誓书(书面证词) | He signed an affidavit confirming the truth of his statements. 他签署了一份宣誓书，确认其陈述的内容真实属实。 |
noun [抽象名词]看法，态度；前景，展望；景色，风光；瞭望处 - The economic outlook is one of rising unemployment.
outlook n. 总的态度，观点
- Travel can change your outlook on life by exposing you to new cultures. 旅行可以通过让你接触新文化来改变你的人生观。
- Education plays a crucial role in shaping a child's world outlook. 教育在塑造儿童的世界观方面起着至关重要的作用。
- He dedicated his life to the study of the communist world outlook. 他一生致力于共产主义世界观的研究。
| spiritual / mental outlook 精神面貌 | Regular exercise can significantly improve your mental outlook. 定期锻炼可以显著改善你的精神面貌。 |
|---|---|
| attitude to / towards sth. 对某事的态度 | The company is known for its positive attitude towards innovation. 这家公司以其对创新的积极态度而闻名。 |
| perspective on … 对…的看法/视角 | The book offers a fresh perspective on the historical event. 这本书对该历史事件提出了全新的视角。 |
| from sb’s perspective 从某人的角度来看 | From his perspective, the plan seemed perfectly reasonable. 从他的角度来看，这个计划似乎完全合理。 |
| from sb’s viewpoint 从某人的观点来看 | We need to consider the problem from the customer's viewpoint. 我们需要从客户的观点来考虑这个问题。 |
| from sb’s standpoint 从某人的立场来看 | From a financial standpoint, the merger makes great sense. 从财务立场来看，这次合并非常有意义。 |
| from sb’s point of view 从某人的观点来看 | Try to look at the situation from my point of view. 试着从我的观点来看看这个情况。 |
| in sb.’s opinion / view 据某人之见/在某人看来 | In my view, the new law will benefit the entire community. 在我看来，新法律将使整个社区受益。 |
| according to sb. 据某人所说 | According to the witness, the car was speeding before the crash. 据证人所说，车子在撞车前正在超速。 |
outlook n. 展望，前景
- The outlook for the economy is still uncertain.
- The outlook for tomorrow is sunny and mild.
| prospect n.前景；展望（常复数） | The prospects for employment in the technology sector are especially good. |
|---|
noun [抽象名词]能力，才能；容积，容纳能力；职位，职责；功率，容积；生产量，生产能力 - The capacity of a container is its volume, or the amount of liquid it can hold, measured in units such as quarts or gallons.
adjective [原级]无虚席的，满场的 - A capacity crowd or audience completely fills a theatre, sports stadium, or other place.
capacity of ... 容量、承受力
- The jug has a capacity of half a liter.
- The stadium has a seating capacity of 50,000. 增加修饰语
- The new truck has a loading capacity of 2.5 tons. 装载容量
- The auditorium has a seating capacity of 2,000.
- The elevator has a capacity of 1,000 kilos.
| capacity for ... （某人的）能力 | He has a great capacity for work. |
|---|---|
| capacity to do ... 做事的能力 | |
| 可替换的词组 | |
| ability to do ... 做某事的能力 （侧重实际技能/力量） |
|
| capability to do sth. 做某事的能力（侧重潜力/功能性) |
|
| capability of ...doing sth. 做某事的能力（强调属性或限度） | |
| aptitude for ... 天生备的能力 | At an early age Susan showed an aptitude for languages. 语言天赋 |
表人的“能力”（侧重于天赋）
| gift 天赋；恩赐 | He has a natural gift for languages and speaks five fluently. 他有语言天赋，能流利地说五种语言。 |
|---|---|
| talent 才华；天才 | The young pianist showed remarkable talent at an early age. 这位年轻的钢琴家在很小的时候就表现出了非凡的才华。 |
| aptitude 资质；天资 | She has a special aptitude for mathematics and physics. 她在数学和物理方面有特殊的资质。 |
| faculty 机能；（先天）才能 | He is still in full possession of all his mental faculty. 他仍然拥有完整的思维能力。 |
adjective [原级]平等的，有民主精神的；民主政体的；（美国）民主党的 - Bolivia returned to democratic rule in 1982, after a series of military governments.
democratic adj. 民主的
- Freedom of speech is one of the fundamental democratic rights. 言论自由是基本的民主权利之一。
- The country held its first democratic elections after years of dictatorship. 经过多年的独裁统治，该国举行了首次民主选举。
- In a democratic government, power is held by the people. 在民主政府中，权力由人民掌握。
| the Democratic Party （美国）民主党 | He has been a loyal supporter of the Democratic Party for decades. 几十年来，他一直是民主党的忠实支持者。 |
|---|---|
| democracy 民主；民主制 | Education is vital for the survival of a healthy democracy. 教育对健康的民主制的生存至关重要。 |
| democrat 民主主义者；民主党人 | As a convinced democrat, she believes in the power of the vote. 作为一名坚定的民主主义者，她相信投票的力量。 |
| republican 共和主义者；共和党人；共和政体的 | The republican ideals of liberty and equality spread across Europe. 自由和平等的共和主义理想在欧洲蔓延。 |
| republic 共和国；共和政体 | France is a republic where the head of state is an elected president. 法国是一个国家元首由选举产生的共和国。 |
| monarchy 君主制；君主国 | Some people argue that monarchy is an outdated form of government. 有些人认为君主制是一种过时的政府形式。 |
| monarch 君主；最高统治者 | The monarch serves as a symbol of national unity and continuity. 君主是国家统一和延续的象征。 |
| constitutional monarchy 君主立宪制 | The UK is a constitutional monarchy where the Queen has limited powers. 英国是一个君主立宪制国家，女王的权力有限。 |
| autocracy 独裁政府；独裁统治 | The transition from autocracy to democracy can be a long process. 从独裁到民主的过渡可能是一个漫长的过程。 |
| autocratic 独裁的；专制的 | The manager was criticized for his autocratic style of leadership. 这位经理因其独裁的领导风格而受到批评。 |
| autocrat 独裁者 | The autocrat maintained strict control over every aspect of the state. 这位独裁者对国家的方方面面都保持着严格的控制。 |
adjective [原级]部落的，部族的；；<贬>有组成集团倾向的，集团意识强的； 部落的，部族的 - The war degenerated into a bloodbath of tribal killings.
noun [专属名词]（尤指印度次大陆的）部落成员（tribals） - The four provinces are riven by deep family and tribal conflicts.
noun [专属名词]【名】 （Tribal）（法）特里巴尔（人名） - The country was torn apart by fierce tribal hostilities.
并在此非常感激那些“举报错误”的同学，这份笔记应属于所有的学习者，加油学习、共勉之 ~
noun [专属名词]部落，宗族；一大群人，一大伙人；大家庭；<非正式>许多人；（动物或植物的）群，族；（古罗马）行政部门；<贬>组织严密的社会（或政治）群体 - ...three-hundred members of the Xhosa tribe.
noun [专属名词]【名】 （Tribe）（英）特赖布（人名） - Three hundred individuals belonging to the Xhosa tribe.
adjective [原级]不识字的，文盲的；行文拙劣的，不通顺的；（对某个学科）无知的，不了解的 - A large percentage of the population is illiterate.
noun [专属名词]文盲 - Nearly a billion people are illiterate.
adjective [原级]必须做的，义务的，强制的 - He believes that the study of history should be compulsory in school.
noun [专属名词]（花样滑冰、竞技体操等的）规定动作 - There is a compulsory course in statistics.
compulsory adj. 有义务的，必须做的
- Mathematics is a compulsory course for all freshman students. 数学是所有大一学生的必修课。
- Workers won their fight to stop compulsory redundancies. 工人赢得了阻止强制裁员的斗争。
- English, Maths, ICT and Science are compulsory subjects. 英语、数学、信息技术和自然科学是必修课。
- They have campaigned strongly for compulsory registration of dogs. 他们大力开展了狗的强制性登记活动。
- No one believed him because he was known to be a compulsive liar. 没人相信他，因为大家都知道他是个惯性说谎者。
| an elective / optional course 选修课 | You can choose an elective course from the arts or music department. 你可以从艺术或音乐系中选择一门选修课。 |
|---|---|
| the 9-year compulsory education 九年制义务教育 (the 9-year schooling / school attendance) | The government provides the 9-year compulsory education to all children. 政府向所有儿童提供九年制义务教育。 |
| compulsive 强迫性的；成瘾的 compulsive gambling 嗜赌成性 a compulsive gambler / liar 赌棍/病态说谎者 |
|
| compel sb. to do 强迫某人做某事 compelling 引人入胜的；令人信服的 a compelling novel / story 引人入胜的小说/故事 |
|
| oblige sb. to do （在法律或道义上）强迫/有义务做 | The law obliges parents to send their children to school. 法律规定父母有义务送孩子上学。 |
| obligatory 义务的；强制性的；必须的 an obligatory course 必修课 obligatory military service 义务兵役制 |
|
| voluntary 自愿的；志愿的 voluntary donations 自愿捐款 voluntary early retirement 自愿提前退休 |
|
verb [vt. 及物动词]认为，相信 - French and German were deemed essential.
noun [专属名词]【名】 （Deem）（英）迪姆 （人名） - I deem it an honour to accept your invitation.
noun [抽象名词]手段，方法；金钱 - The move is a means to fight crime.
verb [vi. 不及物动词]意味着；表示……的意思，作……的解释；打算，意欲（mean 的第三人称单数） - My family means everything to me.
verb [vt. 及物动词]阻碍，妨碍 - The bad weather hampered rescue operations.
noun [抽象名词]（尤指装食物用的）带盖大篮子；（装有各种食品的）礼物篮；<美>脏衣篓；障碍船具 - A hamper is a basket containing food of various kinds that is given to people as a present.
hamper / hinder / impede v. 妨碍
- Social unrest will hamper / hinder / impede economic development.
- Higher interest rates could hamper / hinder / impede economic growth.
- Too much anxiety, after all, can hamper performance. 毕竟，太过焦虑会影响发挥。
| hamper v.阻碍；束缚；妨碍 | High winds and driving rain hamper the rescue efforts. 狂风暴雨阻碍了搜救工作。 |
|---|---|
| hinder v.阻碍；打扰 | A poor diet can hinder a child's physical development. 不良饮食会阻碍儿童的身体发育。 |
| impede v.阻碍；阻止（侧重放慢进度） | The fallen trees impede the progress of the rescue team. 倒下的树木阻碍了救援队的进展。 |
| hindrance n.阻碍；障碍物；起阻碍作用的人 |
|
| impediment n.障碍；妨碍；（言语）障碍 |
|
noun [专属名词]热带和亚热带草原，（非洲的）稀树草原 - I was amazed that virtually all the things I took for granted up north just didn't happen in Savannah.
noun [专属名词]（Savannah）（美）萨凡纳（人名） - A Savannah cat is a crossbreed between a domestic cat and a medium-sized wild African cat called the Serval.
adjective [原级]青少年的，未成年的；少年犯的；幼稚的，孩子气的；（鸟或动物）幼年的 - She wasn't sent to the juvenile court; instead she was cautioned.
noun [集合/集体]青少年，未成年人；扮演青少年角色的演员；幼鸟，幼兽 - The number of juveniles in the general population has fallen by a fifth in the past 10 years.
noun [专属名词]（尤指青少年的）犯罪，不良行为；拖欠债务；玩忽职守 - He had no history of delinquency.
