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条件句(Conditional sentences)

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状语从句 §

状语从句(Adverbial Clauses)是一种用来修饰主句的从句,以一个句子做状语,表达描述性信息。它提供了关于时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、方式等方面的描述信息,以增加句子的复杂性和详细性。

类型 引导词 示例
时间状语从句 when ; while ; since ; as ; before ; till ; until ; as soon as I will call you when I get home.
地点状语从句 where They went to the park where they used to play as children.
原因状语从句 beacause ; since ; as ; for … He didn't come to the party because he was feeling sick.
条件状语从句 if;unless If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home.主将从现
目的状语从句 so that … ; in order that … She took extra lessons so that she could improve her English.
方式状语从句 like ; as ; as if… He speaks as if he knows everything. 天上知道完,地下知一半
结果状语从句 * so/such … that … ; so that …(所以) The one with the money got such a fright that he dropped the bag.
比较状语从句 than ; as Tomorrow he will be watching her anxiously as she swims the long distance to England.
让步状语从句 * though ; although ; even though ; even if … for even though it was still summer, it rained continually and it was often bitterly cold.

这些副词引导的从句可以在主句之前、之后或中间出现,具体位置取决于句子结构和所要表达的含义。


If 条件状语从句 (If + 从句,主句)

If + 从句 如果A从句 主句 那么就B主句
If he is sleeping,从句:如果他在在睡觉, don't wake him up. 主句:不要叫醒他
if you don't hurry(条件,你再不快点的情况下). You will miss the train(主句,你将会错过火车), 
  • You can post these letters if you want to. 主句、从句位置可以互换
  • If it’s fine tomorrow, we can/may go out. 从句 + 主句
  • Please let me know if you cant’t come. 主句 + 从句

if 引导的条件从句指能够发生、可能发生或可能发生过的事件。如果认为将来的事件很可能会发生(真实条件句), 那么 if 从句中要用一般现在时(有时也用其他形式的现在时),主句中用 will(或 shall)加动词形式或其他形式的将来时。

条件句的主句中的 will 表示肯定如此或几乎可以肯定会如此。如果觉得其“肯定”程度达不到使用 will 的程度,或者如果想表达建议等其他意思,就可以用别的情态助动词来代替 will;条件句中的主句还可以用祈使语气等表示请求、建议等。

* 真实条件句/虚拟条件句

格式 真实条件句 虚拟条件句
形式 零条件句 If +从句 (现在时)主句(现在时) 二型条件句 If + 从句 (过去时)主句 would/could/might + 动词原形
说明 表达普遍真理或事实 表达与事实相反的情况或不太可能发生的情况
关键字 always, usually, often, sometimes, if if, wish, were, had
例句 If it rains, the ground gets wet. If I had a million dollars, I would travel the world.
形式 一般条件句 If + 从句 (现在时)主句(将来时) 三型条件句 If + 从句 (过去完成时)主句 would/could/might + have + 过去分词
说明 表达可能发生的情况 表达对过去事件的遗憾、虚拟的情况以及无法改变的事实
关键字 when, unless should, could, might
例句 If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home. If I had studied harder, I would have passed the exam.
形式 混合条件句 If + 从句 (过去完成时)主句 would/could/might + 动词原形
说明 表达对过去事件的影响在现在的结果。
关键字 should, could, might
例句 If it hadn't rained, we would be having a picnic now.
一般现在时 一般将来时
  • If he is out,假设现在,
  • If he is working, 
  • I will call him tomorrow.描述将来
  • I won't disturb him.
we will stay at home. 描述将来 If it rains tomorrow,假设将来
If it will rain tomorrow, we will stay at home. X 真实条件句假设将来描述将来,主将从现
英文里的特殊规则在真实条件句里,要假设将来,还是得需要使用 (从句)一般现在时 + (主句)一般将来时。
一般过去时 过去将来时
If tall chimneys were built above sea level § ,假设过去  the tunnel would be well-ventilated.描述过去将来
规律总结:If 假设过去使用过去时,假设现在使用现在时,假设将来也是使用的现在时,但主句要成立则全部为相应的将来时
真实条件句 IF从句 主句 使用率
假设过去 过去的各种时态 过去将来 5%
假设现在 现在的各种时态 一般将来 5%
假设将来 一般现在时(替代将来) 90%
误解“主将从现”,即遇到条件句主句为一般将来时,从句使用一般现在时只是大多数的情况,并不是绝对的情况。要根据上下文灵活使用。
  • I shall see him, if he is here next week. 主将从现
  • If he plays well, he will get into the school team.主将从现
  • If they have time the day after tomorrow, they will fly to London to have a meeting with us.主将从现
  • If you make a mistake, correct it. 祈使句
  • If you like him, you may tell him. 情态动词
  • If she enjoys concerts, why doesn't she come with us? 疑问句

顺序问题:If 引导的是条件从句,要实现的是主句,所以不管是If在句首还是句中,它总是引导的是从句。

  • If you park your car in the wrong place, a traffic policeman will soon find it. 如果你把车停在错误的地方,交通警察不久将会找到它。
  • A traffic policeman will soon find it , if you park your car in the wrong place. 【倒着翻译】

不规则动词的变化

原型 过去式 过去分词 现在分词
let let let letting