Two main techniques have been used for training elephants, which we may call respectively the tough and the gentle.

be used for … ^{用于…；被用来做…}

• This increases the expense of government, and reduces correspondingly the amount of economic resources that could be used for developing the country.
• Some hotels supply boiled water on request and this can be used for drinking, or for brushing teeth.
• This solar panel is used for generating electricity for the entire house. ^{这个太阳能电池板用于为整个房子发电。}

respectively ^{adv. in the same order as the things you have just mentioned 各自，分别}

• The cups and saucers cost £5 and £3 respectively.
• The first and second prizes went to Jack and Jill respectively. ^{第一名和第二名分别由杰克和吉尔获得。}
• The ingredients were divided into two groups, which we may call respectively the solids and the liquids.^{原料被分成两组，我们可以分别称之为固体和液体。}

In the article respecting scientists, the writer is particularly respectful of those who are not only respectable citizens, but respected experts in their respective fields.^{在这篇有关科学家的文章中，作者特别尊重那些不但是体面正派的公民，而且在各自的领域中都深受敬仰的专家。}

The former method simply consists of setting an elephant to work and beating him until he does what is expected of him.

set sb. to work (doing sth.)  ^{to make sb. do work for you, esp. when they do not want to do this 让某人工作（尤指对方不情愿的情况下）}

• Don't complain that you're bored, or Dad will set you to work.
• I've set them to work clearing out the garage.
• The supervisor set the interns to work filing the documents. ^{主管让实习生们开始整理文件。}

expect … of sb. ^{对某人希望…}

• I can't finish this job by Friday you expect too much of me.
• The school expects a lot of its students.
• Parents usually expect too much of their children. ^{父母通常对孩子寄予过高的期望。}
• The new employee quickly learned to do what was expected of her in the fast-paced environment.^{这位新员工很快学会在快节奏的环境中做到人们期望她做到的事情。}

Apart from any moral considerations this is a stupid method of training, for it produces a resentful animal who at a later stage may well turn man-killer.

apart from / aside form ^{1. except for 除了}

• Apart from a few words, I do not know any French at all.
• Apart from a few minor errors, your essay was excellent. ^{除了几个小错误外，你的文章写得很棒。}

 apart from / aside form ^{2. besides 除了…（还…）}

• Apart from an interesting-looking carved dagger, the box was full of crockery, much of it broken.
• Your behavior reflects on me, and I can't do my job if you're constantly humiliating me. Constantly? Aside from today, give me one example.  ^{《绝望的主妇》}
• Apart from her full-time job, she also works as a freelance translator. ^{除了全职工作外，她还兼职做自由译者。}

apart from / aside form ^{3. separate from 脱离开…}

• He must, for example, perceive an egg as a simple single solid shape, quite apart from its significance as food, or from the literary idea that it will become a bird.
• The guest house is located apart from the main building to ensure privacy. ^{客房与主楼分开，以确保私密性。}

consideration ^{n. [C] thing that must be thought about or taken into account, reason 考虑到的事，原因，因素（常用复数）}

• Several considerations have influenced my decision.
• Political rather than economic considerations influenced the location of the new factory.

method of / for (doing) sth. ^{（做）某事的方法/方式}

• They are developing a more efficient method of recycling plastic. ^{他们正在开发一种更有效的塑料回收方法。}
• A new method for treating the disease is being tested.  ^{一种治疗该疾病的新方法正在测试中。}
• … if there is any effect of noise upon mental health, it must be so small that present methods of psychiatric diagnosis cannot find it.
• There is no quicker method of disposing of patients then by giving them what they are asking for, …
• Those planning a trip to remote areas, or intending to live in countries where drinking water is not readily available, should know about the various possible methods for making water safe.

may / might / could well … ^{used to say that sth. is likely to happen or is likely to be true （某事） 可能（发生或是真的）}

• Another patient might equally well complain that her neighbours were combining to slander her and persecute her, and yet one might be cautious about believing this statement.
• … and the railway of the future may well be the 'hovertrain', …
• Over the years one may well become an authority on one's hobby and will very probably be  asked to give informal talks to little gatherings and then, if successful, to larger audiences.

turn ^{v. become 变成（不加冠词）如果导致主语身份的转变时不加冠词}

• He has turned traitor.
• He used to be a teacher till he turned writer.
• She was betrayed by a childhood friend who turned government informant.

The gentle method requires more patience in the early stages, but produces a cheerful, good-tempered elephant who will give many years of loyal service.

cheerful ^{adj. willing to do whatever is necessary in a happy way 乐意的，肯干的；兴高采烈的}

• I’ll do everything I can to help you, she said with a cheerful grin.
• Even when faced with difficult tasks, he remains cheerful and focused. ^{即便面对困难的任务，他依然保持乐意肯干的态度并专心致志。}

service ^{n. [U or pl.] the work that sb. does for a person or organization, esp. over a long period （长期的）工作}

• Jack was given a gold watch after 25 years of loyal service.
• an award for her services to the community
• The veteran employee was awarded a medal for fifty years of loyal service to the company.^{这位资深员工因在公司服务五十年而获得了一枚奖章。}