Lesson 40 Waves海浪状语从句 定语从句

Waves are the children of the struggle between ocean and atmosphere, the ongoing signatures of infinity.

child of... ^{…的孩子/产物}

• The atomic bomb is the child of 20th century scientific developments.
• The romantic movement was the child of the Great Revolution.
• Innovation is often the child of necessity.^{创新往往是必需品的产物。}
• These intricate designs are the children of a long tradition of craftsmanship.^{这些复杂的设计是长期工艺传统的产物。}

the struggle between... and... ^{…与…之间的斗争/抗衡}

• the struggle between good and evil ^{善与恶之间的斗争}
• History often records the struggle between progress and tradition.^{历史经常记录进步与传统之间的斗争。}

ongoing ^{adj. continuing to exist or develop 持续（存在或发展）的}

• The police investigation is ongoing.
• Training is part of our ongoing career development program.
• The starry night sky can be seen as the ongoing signatures of infinity.^{星空夜景可以被视为无限的持续标记。}
• The continuous flow of the river represents the ongoing signatures of infinity.^{河流的持续流动代表着无限的持续标记。}

Rays from the sun excite and energize the atmosphere of the earth, awakening it to flow, to movement, to rhythm, to life.

ray ^{n. [C] a straight narrow beam of light from the sun or moon 光线}

• The room darkened as a cloud hid the sun's rays.
• Plants convert energy from the rays from the sun into food.^{植物将来自太阳的光线的能量转化为食物。}

energize ^{v. to make someone feel full of energy or enthusiasm 使某人充满能量或热情}

• a refreshing and energizing fruit drink ^{一种清新提神的水果饮料}
• The discovery of the new particle helped to excite and energize the entire research team.^{新粒子的发现帮助激发并为整个研究团队注入能量。}

awaken sb. to sth. ^{cause sb. to become aware of sth. 使某人意识到某事}

• awaken society to the dangers of drugs
• During the 1930s Churchill tried to awaken the British people to the need for rearmament.
• It has awakened millions to political consciousness and recognition of the danger of fascism.
• The spring rain seems to awaken the dormant seeds to life.^{春雨似乎唤醒了休眠的种子以使其获得生命。}
• The new policy is intended to awaken the market to greater competition.^{这项新政策旨在唤醒市场以迎接更大的竞争。}

rhythm ^{n. [U and C] 节奏}

• the steady rhythm of her heartbeat
• She started moving to the rhythm of the music.

The wind then speaks the message of the sun to the sea and the sea transmits it on through waves -- an ancient, exquisite, powerful message.

speak ^{v. to say or state sth. 说出来}

• She was clearly speaking the truth.
• He spoke the final words of the play.
• He spoke only two words the whole evening.
• The poet’s verses speak the message of hope to a generation seeking direction.^{诗人的诗句向寻求方向的一代人传达了希望的信息。}

transmit sth. on through... ^{通过…传递/发送某物}

• The radio station transmits the signal on through a network of local towers.^{该电台通过本地塔台网络发送信号。}
• Bacteria can transmit resistance on through horizontal gene transfer.^{细菌可以通过水平基因转移传递耐药性。}

These ocean waves are among the earth's most complicated natural phenomena.

be among … ^{是…之一；包括在…之中}

• He was among the last to leave.
• Among those present were the Prime Minister and her husband. ^{表系主（引起了倒装）}
• Among them will be Debbie's mother, who swam the Channel herself when she was a girl.
• Designing a secure system is among the most complicated tasks in software engineering.^{设计一个安全的系统是软件工程中最复杂的任务之一。}
• The structure of the human brain is among the most complicated biological systems known.^{人类大脑的结构属于已知最复杂的生物系统之一。}

The basic features include a crest (the highest point of the wave), a trough (the lowest point), a height (the vertical distance from the trough to the crest), a wave length (the horizontal distance between two wave crests), and a period (which is the time it takes a wave crest to travel one wave length).

crest ^{n. the top or highest point of something such as a hill or a wave 山峰，浪尖}

• We reached the crest of the hill just as the sun was setting.^{我们爬到山顶时，太阳正好落下。}
• The crest of the blue heron is particularly prominent during the mating season. ^{大蓝鹭的羽冠在繁殖季节尤为明显。}
• The family crest was engraved on the silver platter.  ^{家族徽章刻在银盘上。}

trough ^{n. the hollow area between two waves 波谷/低谷}

• The economy is currently in a deep trough, but analysts predict a recovery soon.^{经济目前处于一个深谷中，但分析师预测很快会复苏。}
• Waves are measured from the top (crest) to the bottom (trough). ^{海浪是从波峰到波谷进行测量的。}
• From peak to trough more than 8m jobs were lost. ^{从峰值跌到低谷造成800万份工作流失。}

…, and a period (which is the time (which) it takes a wave crest to travel one wave length). ^补全

Although an ocean wave gives the impression of a wall of water moving in your direction, in actuality waves move through the water leaving the water about where it was.

give (sb.) the impression of... ^{给人一种…的印象}

• He gives the impression that he really doesn't care.
• The sudden movement of the door made it sway slightly and it gave me the impression that it was about to leap out at me.
• The new software update gives the impression of being much faster than the old version.^{新的软件更新给人一种比旧版本快得多的印象。}
• Despite her confidence, her trembling hands gave the impression of deep nervousness.^{尽管她很自信，但她颤抖的双手给人一种深度紧张的印象。}

be under the impression (that) … ^{to believe that sth. is true when it is not 误以为…}

• I'm sorry, I was under the impression that you were the manager.
• Though the crew were at first under the impression that the lost ship had been found, the contents of the sea-chest proved them wrong.

wall ^{n. thing similar to a wall in its appearance or effect （样子或作用）似墙之物}

• Firefighters battled the walls of flames.
• The investigators were confronted by a wall of silence.
• The tidal wave formed a terrifying wall of water.
• The Titanic turned just in time, narrowly missing the immense wall of ice which rose over 100 feet out of the water beside her.

of ^{做比喻（前面是喻体，后面是本体）}

• Jane is a submissive lamb of a girl.
• There is always hope that in its labyrinth of musty, dark, disordered rooms a real rarity will be found amongst the piles of assorted junk that litter the floors. 

in sb.’s direction ^{朝某人的方向；向某人（看、走等）}

• I waved, but she didn’t even look in my direction. ^{我挥了挥手，但她甚至都没朝我这边看一眼。}
• Fortunately for me, as I was wondering what to do next, there appeared on the horizon a man on horseback, riding in my direction.

in actuality  ^{= in reality / actually 事实上;实际上}

• In actuality, it's much more complex than that.
• The woman he had seen performing on stage was in actuality quite older than she had seemed.
• The plan seemed simple, but in actuality, it was incredibly complex to execute.^{这个计划看起来很简单，但实际上执行起来却极其复杂。}
• He claimed to be a billionaire, but in actuality, he was deeply in debt.^{他声称自己是亿万富翁，但实际上他负债累累。}

If the water was moving with the wave, the ocean and everything on it would be racing in to the shore with obviously catastrophic results. 

were ⇒ was ^{在当代英语中的趋势（虚拟语气）}

• If she was here, she could speak on my behalf.
• If I was rich, I would buy you anything.
• If it was to rain, the ropes would snap.
• if I were you ⇒ were I you ^{语言习惯，不能改}
• as it were ^固定搭配
• if it were not for ⇒ were it not for ^固定搭配

An ocean wave passing through deep water causes a particle on the surface to move in a roughly circular orbit, drawing the particle first towards the advancing wave, then up into the wave, then forward with it and then -- as the wave leaves the particles behind -- back to its starting point again.

particle ^{n. [C] a very small piece of sth. 微粒}

• There’s not a particle of truth in what he said. ^{他所说的话中没有一丝事实。}
• Have you ever gotten a piece of sand or dirt or other small particle in your eye? ^{你曾经有过沙子、灰尘或其他小颗粒进入眼睛的经历吗？}
• The energy of a light photon or particle is different for each color. ^{可见光子或粒子的能量因颜色不同而不同。}

passing through deep water ^{穿过深水区}

• The submarine was detected while passing through deep water far from the coast.^{这艘潜艇在远离海岸的深水区穿行时被侦测到。}
• The energy of the storm remained intact while passing through deep water.^{风暴的能量在穿过深水区时保持完整。}

From both maturity to death, a wave is subject to the same laws as any other 'living' thing.

From both maturity to death 这里的 both 是一个强调词（Intensifier），用来强调范围的两端，表示“从……到……这两者过程中的全部”。
通常我们学的是 both... and...^{（两者都）}，但在 from both A to B 这个结构里，both 的作用是预示并强调接下来的两个端点（maturity 和 death）。
这种用法在文学或正式修辞中较多，目的是为了表达一种“完整性”。你可以把它理解为：“从成熟直到死亡，这两端及其间的一切。”

• From maturity to death... ^{(从成熟到死亡……) —— 只是陈述一个时间段。}
• From both maturity to death... ^{—— 强调无论是成熟期还是死亡期（以及中间的过程），这个规律都适用。它把“成熟”和“死亡”作为两个对立但并列的点提出来加强语气。}
• The company went through several phases from both maturity to death after the market changed.^{市场变化后，这家公司经历了从成熟到消亡的几个阶段。}
• The life cycle of a star extends from both maturity to death over billions of years.^{恒星的生命周期从成熟到消亡绵延了数十亿年。}

be subject to … ^{1. if you are subject to a rule, law, penalty etc, you must obey the rule or pay an amount of money 必须服从或支付}

• As a diplomat, he is not subject to local laws.
• Violators are subject to a $100 fine. Cars are subject to a high domestic tax.
• All citizens are subject to the same laws and regulations, regardless of their status.^{所有公民，无论其地位如何，都受制于相同的法律和法规。}
• Even microscopic life forms are subject to the same laws of thermodynamics.^{即使是微小的生命形式，也受制于同样的热力学规律。}

be subject to … ^{2. often having, suffering or undergoing sth 常有、常患或常遭某事物}

• Are you subject to colds?
• Trains are subject to delays after the heavy snowfalls.
• The timetable is subject to alteration.

be subject to … ^{3. depending on sth. as a condition 需要某事物（为先决条件），取决于…}

• The plan is subject to the director's approval.
• Goods will be sent out within 14 days, subject to availability.

So let us begin anew—remembering on both sides that civility is not a sign of weakness, and sincerity is always subject to proof. Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate. ^{— John F. Kennedy}

as 引导比较状语从句（省略be）

• From both maturity to death, a wave is subject to the same laws as any other 'living' thing (is). ^{主语里有be，所以从句省略}
• From both maturity to death, a wave is subject to the same laws as (is) any other 'living' thing. ^{主语太长可以倒装}

For a time it assumes a miraculous individuality that, in the end, is reabsorbed into the great ocean of life.

for a time ^{temporarily, for a certain period 暂时，一时，一度}

• This method was used for a time, but it is no use now
• He was for a time a professor at Cambridge.
• Despite the long and complicated process, the project was successful in the end.^{尽管过程漫长而复杂，但该项目最终还是成功了。}

assume ^{v. (fml.) to start to have a particular quality or appearance = take on 开始拥有（某种特征或外表）}

• These relationships assume great importance in times of crisis.
• In the story the god assumes the form of an eagle.

individuality ^{n. [U] the qualities that make sb. or sth. different from other things or people 个性，个人特征}

• We like our staff to show their individuality rather than wear a uniform.
• The plot is credible but the characters lack individuality.
• Each snowflake, briefly, assumes a miraculous individuality before melting.^{每一片雪花在融化之前，都会短暂地呈现出奇迹般的个体性。}
• The child's imagination allowed him to assume a miraculous individuality in his play.^{孩子的想象力使他在玩耍中能够呈现出奇迹般的个体性。}

reabsorb ^{v. to absorb again 再次吸收，使再次融入}

• The economy cannot reabsorb all of the refugees into the workforce.
• The kidneys reabsorb most of the water and nutrients back into the bloodstream. ^{肾脏会将大部分水分和养分重新吸收进血液中。}
• After the rain, the water slowly was reabsorbed into the dry soil.^{雨后，水缓慢地被重新吸收到干燥的土壤中。}

The undulating waves of the open sea are generated by three natural causes: wind, earth movements or tremors, and the gravitational pull of the moon and the sun.

undulating ^{v. (fml.) to move or be shaped like waves that are rising and falling 波动，呈波浪状起伏}

• a field of wheat undulating in the breeze
• The artist perfectly captured the look of the undulating waves in the painting.^{这位艺术家在画中完美地捕捉了起伏的波浪的景象。}
• We watched the undulating waves from the deck of the cruise ship.^{我们在游轮的甲板上观看着起伏的波浪。}
• The surface of the lake began to undulate as the wind picked up. ^{随着风力增强，湖面开始泛起波纹。}

be generated by ^{由…产生/生成}

• The undulating waves of the open sea are generated by three natural causes.^{开阔海域起伏的波浪由三种自然原因产生。}
• Electricity is generated by various sources, including coal, wind, and solar.^{电力由各种来源产生，包括煤炭、风能和太阳能。}

tremor ^{n. 1. a small earthquake in which the ground shakes slightly 轻微地震}

• Minor earth movements or tremors are common in that fault zone.^{轻微的地壳运动或震动在该断层带很常见。}
• The earth tremor lasted only a few seconds, but it was enough to rattle the windows. ^{那次轻微地震仅持续了几秒钟，但足以震得窗户嘎嘎作响。}

tremor ^{n. 2. a slight shaking movement in your body that you cannot control, especially because you are ill, weak, or upset 颤抖}

• There was a slight tremor in his voice.
• She felt a tremor of fear run through her.
• There was a slight tremor in her voice as she began to speak about the incident. ^{当她开始谈论那起事件时，声音略带颤抖。}
• Parkinson's disease often causes an involuntary tremor in the hands.  ^{帕金森病经常导致手部不由自主地颤抖。}

gravitational ^{adj. related to or resulting from the force of gravity 重力的}

• The gravitational force between the Earth and the Moon keeps the Moon in orbit. ^{地球和月球之间的万有引力使月球保持在轨道上。}
• The gravitational pull of Jupiter affects the orbits of many asteroids.^{木星的引力影响着许多小行星的轨道。}

Once waves have been generated, gravity is the force that drives them in a continual attempt to restore the ocean surface to a flat plain.

restore sth. to sth. ^{恢复；使（某物）恢复到（某种状态/位置）}

• The committee is working hard to restore the old church to its original glory. ^{委员会正努力使这座古老的教堂恢复往日的辉煌。}
• The government promises to restore the economy to full strength.
• She was hoping that the Mediterranean climate would restore her to full health.
• The engineers worked to restore the damaged area to a flat plain for construction.^{工程师们努力将受损区域恢复到平面以进行施工。}