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一般过去时&双宾语

右侧笔记支持独立滚动。边听名师连读拆解，边对照右侧的语法事实与统计数据笔记。

一般过去时通常表示完全发生在过去的而现在已经结束的事件与现在无关(以前是这样而现在不了)。它通常指动作何时发生，而不指动作持续多久(与现在完成时的差别：现在完成发生在过去而与现在有关并持续)。
主语 + v. 过去式 (did) 主语 + was/were + 非动词
  • I went to the park yesterday. 我昨天去的(言外：今天没去)
  • She ate an apple this morning.早上吃的(言外：现在没吃)
  • We played basketball last night.昨晚打球(言外：今天没打)
  • She had a boyfriend. 她以前有一个男朋友。(言外：现在没有)

句型对比

句型 Be 动词(过去式) 动词过去式 三单
过去式 You were happy. They had a meeting. She was Chinese.
否定句 You were not happy. They did not have a meeting. She was not Chinese.
一般疑问句 Were you happy? Did they have a meeting? Was she a Chinese?
特殊疑问句 How were you? What did they do? Who was she?

直接宾语和间接宾语

主谓 间接宾语（动作目标，动作是谁做的或为谁做的，通常是人） 直接宾语（表示动作结果，动作所涉及的事物）
I gave him  a book.
I bought her  a present.
单词位置:在英语里的处理方式为：谁短谁靠前（礼让弱小原则），如果【直接宾语(物)】在【间接宾语(人)】的前面时须加“to sb. ⇒ I sent a gift to him.” （表示动作对...做）或“for sb. ⇒ I made a cake for him.”（表示动作为...而做）
give sb. sth. give sth. to sb
双宾语通常情况一个是人，一个是物。物永远是直接宾语，人则为间接宾语！
Give her the key. Give the key to her.

哪些及物动词（vt.）能接双宾语？

  • 通过意思去判断。上面提到双宾语直接宾语是物，间接宾语为人。
  • eat? 吃直接宾语(✓)，吃间接宾语？？？(×)
常用可以接双宾语的动词：send , teach, lend, give, ask, tell, offer,cook, buy, get, make, write, bring, show ...
动词 直接宾语 例子
send a letter I sent a letter to my friend.
teach how to write My teacher taught me how to write.
lend my book I lent my friend my book.
give a present I gave my friend a present.
ask for help I asked my friend for help.
tell a joke I told my friend a joke.
offer a ride I offered my friend a ride.
cook dinner My mom cooked me dinner.
buy a gift I bought my friend a gift.
get a cup of coffee I got my friend a cup of coffee.
make a cake My mom made me a cake.
write a letter I wrote my friend a letter.
bring a book I brought my friend a book.
show my new car I showed my friend my new car.

双宾语动词 + sb. + sth. = 双宾语动词 + sth. + to / for + sb.

to 动词向对方给的方向 for 动词为了什么目的
He lent me a book. = He lent a book to me. 他借给了我一本书/他借了一本书给我。 I cooked him a meal. = I cooked a meal for him. 我为他做了一餐(目的是为了给他做饭)。
什么时候用For、To? For 关乎利益，To 关乎观点 §
给某人做某事 帮某人一个忙 do sb. a favor
当间接宾语（人）在直接宾语（物）后时，间接宾语（人）前必须加 "to"（对...而言）或 "for"（为...而做）
  • I did my homework. 主谓宾
  • I did my homework for my teacher. 主谓双宾
  • I did my homework for my parents.
  • I did the dishes for my mom.
  • I did the laundry for my dad.
  • I did the yard work for my brother.
  • Can you do me a favor? = Can you do a favor for me?
  • Can you help me with this?
  • Do me a favor please. 帮我一个忙。
  • Can I do something for you? 我可以帮你做点什么？
  • Can I order something for you? 我可以帮你点什么吗？
  • Can I buy you a bottle of beer? 我可以给你买瓶啤酒吗？(请你喝杯酒)
可以翻译为 "给"、"替"、"为" 的，就用 "for" 与“利益”有关；如果只能翻译为 "给" 的，就用 "to" 与“目的、观点”有关。