Lesson 44 Patterns of culture文化的模式

Custom has not commonly been regarded as a subject of any great moment.

custom ^{习俗/惯例}

• **Custom** has not commonly been regarded as a subject of any great moment.^{习俗通常不被认为是一个具有任何重大意义的主题。}
• It is a local **custom** to exchange gifts during the festival.^{在节日期间交换礼物是当地的一个习俗。}

has not commonly been regarded as ^{通常不被认为是}

• Custom **has not commonly been regarded as** a subject of any great moment.^{习俗通常不被认为是一个具有任何重大意义的主题。}
• The artist's early work **has not commonly been regarded as** his best.^{这位艺术家的早期作品通常不被认为是他的最佳作品。}

a subject of any great moment ^{任何重大意义的主题}

• Custom has not commonly been regarded as **a subject of any great moment**.^{习俗通常不被认为是一个具有任何重大意义的主题。}
• The minor disagreement was not considered **a subject of any great moment** by the diplomats.^{外交官们认为这个小小的分歧不具备任何重大意义。}

The inner workings of our own brains we feel to be uniquely worthy of investigation, but custom, we have a way of thinking, is behaviour at its most commonplace.

the inner workings of our own brains ^{我们自己大脑的内部运作}

• **The inner workings of our own brains** we feel to be uniquely worthy of investigation.^{我们感到我们自己大脑的内部运作是独特地值得研究的。}

uniquely worthy of investigation ^{独特地值得研究的}

• The inner workings of our own brains we feel to be **uniquely worthy of investigation**.^{我们感到我们自己大脑的内部运作是独特地值得研究的。}
• The newly discovered ancient ruin is considered **uniquely worthy of investigation** by archaeologists.^{这个新发现的古代遗址被考古学家认为是独特地值得研究的。}

we have a way of thinking ^{我们有一种思维方式}

• But custom, **we have a way of thinking**, is behaviour at its most commonplace.^{但我们有一种思维方式，认为习俗是行为中最平常无奇的。}
• When facing difficult problems, **we have a way of thinking** that prefers practical solutions over theoretical ones.^{在面对困难问题时，我们有一种思维方式，倾向于实用解决方案而非理论方案。}

behaviour at its most commonplace ^{最平常无奇的行为}

• Custom is **behaviour at its most commonplace**.^{习俗是行为中最平常无奇的。}
• Eating three meals a day is considered **behaviour at its most commonplace** in many cultures.^{在许多文化中，一天吃三餐被认为是行为中最平常无奇的。}

As a matter of fact, it is the other way around.

as a matter of fact ^{事实上/其实}

• **As a matter of fact**, it is the other way around.^{事实上，情况恰恰相反。}
• He claimed to be too busy to help, but **as a matter of fact**, he spent the entire afternoon watching movies.^{他声称太忙无法帮忙，但事实上，他整个下午都在看电影。}

it is the other way around ^{情况恰恰相反}

• As a matter of fact, **it is the other way around**.^{事实上，情况恰恰相反。}
• Most people think the boss helps the employees, but in this company, **it is the other way around**.^{大多数人认为老板帮助员工，但在这家公司，情况恰恰相反。}

Traditional custom, taken the world over, is a mass of detailed behaviour more astonishing than what any one person can ever evolve in individual actions, no matter how aberrant.

traditional custom ^传统习俗

• **Traditional custom**, taken the world over, is a mass of detailed behaviour.^{传统习俗，从全世界来看，是一堆细节行为。}
• The village is known for preserving its **traditional custom** of weaving.^{这个村庄以保留其传统的编织习俗而闻名。}

taken the world over ^{从全世界来看/考虑到全世界}

• Traditional custom, **taken the world over**, is a mass of detailed behaviour.^{传统习俗，从全世界来看，是一堆细节行为。}
• The impact of climate change, **taken the world over**, is undeniable.^{气候变化的影响，从全世界来看，是不可否认的。}

a mass of detailed behaviour ^{一堆细节行为}

• Custom is **a mass of detailed behaviour** more astonishing than what any one person can evolve.^{习俗是一堆细节行为，比任何一个人在个体行动中能够演变出来的更令人惊讶。}
• The complex ritual involved **a mass of detailed behaviour** that had to be followed precisely.^{复杂的仪式涉及一堆必须精确遵循的细节行为。}

no matter how aberrant ^{无论多么反常/异常}

• Than what any one person can ever evolve in individual actions, **no matter how aberrant**.^{比任何一个人在个体行动中能够演变出来的更令人惊讶，无论多么反常。}
• The leader remained calm, **no matter how aberrant** the team's suggestions became.^{这位领导者保持冷静，无论团队的建议变得多么反常。}

Yet that is a rather trivial aspect of the matter.

a rather trivial aspect ^{一个相当微不足道的方面}

• Yet that is **a rather trivial aspect** of the matter.^{然而，这只是事情的一个相当微不足道的方面。}
• The cost was considered **a rather trivial aspect** compared to the overall safety benefits.^{与整体安全效益相比，成本被认为是一个相当微不足道的方面。}

aspect of the matter ^{事情的方面}

• That is a rather trivial **aspect of the matter**.^{那是事情的一个相当微不足道的方面。}

The fact of first-rate importance is the predominant role that custom plays in experience and in belief, and the very great varieties it may manifest.

the fact of first-rate importance ^{头等重要性事实}

• **The fact of first-rate importance** is the predominant role that custom plays.^{头等重要性事实是习俗在经验和信仰中所起的支配性作用。}
• **The fact of first-rate importance** for investors is the company's consistent profitability.^{对投资者来说，头等重要性事实是公司持续的盈利能力。}

predominant role ^{支配性作用}

• The fact of first-rate importance is the **predominant role** that custom plays in experience and in belief.^{头等重要性事实是习俗在经验和信仰中所起的支配性作用。}
• Digital marketing now plays the **predominant role** in consumer outreach.^{数字营销现在在消费者外联中起着支配性作用。}

play a role in ^{在…中起作用}

• The predominant role that custom **plays in experience and in belief**.^{习俗在经验和信仰中所起的支配性作用。}

it may manifest ^{它可能展现/表现}

• The very great varieties **it may manifest**.^{它可能展现的非常大的多样性。}
• The disease **may manifest** through a wide range of seemingly unrelated symptoms.^{这种疾病可能通过一系列看似不相关的症状表现出来。}

No man ever looks at the world with pristine eyes.

pristine eyes ^{纯净的眼睛}

• She viewed the ancient ruins with pristine eyes, as if seeing them for the first time.^{她用纯净的眼睛看待这些古代遗址，仿佛是第一次看到。}
• To truly appreciate art, you must try to look at it with pristine eyes.^{要真正欣赏艺术，你必须努力用纯净的眼睛去看待它。}
• The tourist was encouraged to see the landscape with pristine eyes, free from preconceptions.^{游客被鼓励用纯净的眼睛，不受先入之见地看待风景。}

looks at the world ^看待世界

• The philosopher looks at the world through a lens of existentialism.^{这位哲学家通过存在主义的视角看待世界。}
• He always looks at the world with a sense of optimism, even during tough times.^{即使在艰难时期，他也总是带着乐观的态度看待世界。}
• How you look at the world determines your experience of it.^{你如何看待世界决定了你的经历。}

He sees it edited by a definite set of customs and institutions and ways of thinking.

edited by ^{被…所修正/筛选}

• The historical narrative is often edited by the victors.^{历史叙事常常被胜利者所修正。}
• Our perception of reality is subtly edited by our cultural background.^{我们对现实的感知被我们的文化背景巧妙地修正了。}
• Every piece of data was carefully edited by the researchers before publication.^{在发表之前，每条数据都经过研究人员的仔细筛选。}

a definite set of ^{一套明确的/固定的}

• The experiment followed a definite set of procedures to ensure consistency.^{实验遵循一套明确的程序以确保一致性。}
• Success requires adherence to a definite set of principles.^{成功需要遵守一套固定的原则。}
• Each society operates under a definite set of rules and institutions.^{每个社会都在一套明确的规则和制度下运作。}

customs and institutions ^{习俗和制度}

• He sees it edited by a definite set of customs and institutions and ways of thinking.^{他看到它被一套固定的习俗、制度和思维方式所修正。}
• Changes in customs and institutions take generations to fully implement.^{习俗和制度的改变需要几代人的时间才能完全实施。}
• Understanding a country requires studying its history, customs and institutions.^{了解一个国家需要研究它的历史、习俗和制度。}

Even in his philosophical probings he cannot go behind these stereotypes; his very concepts of the true and the false will still have reference to his particular traditional customs.

philosophical probings ^哲学探索

• His book is a collection of deep philosophical probings into the nature of existence.^{他的书是一系列对存在本质的深刻哲学探索。}
• The debate encouraged profound philosophical probings among the students.^{这场辩论鼓励了学生们进行深刻的哲学探索。}
• Throughout history, humans have engaged in philosophical probings to understand morality.^{纵观历史，人类一直致力于哲学探索以理解道德。}

go behind ^{超越/深入追究}

• He cannot go behind these stereotypes.^{他不能超越这些刻板印象。}
• We must go behind the surface appearances to find the real cause of the problem.^{我们必须深入追究表面现象，找出问题的真正原因。}
• The journalist tried to go behind the official statement to uncover the truth.^{这位记者试图深入追究官方声明，以揭露真相。}

stereotypes ^{刻板印象/定型观念}

• The advertisement aims to challenge harmful gender stereotypes.^{这则广告旨在挑战有害的性别刻板印象。}
• It is difficult to completely avoid the influence of cultural stereotypes.^{要完全避免文化定型观念的影响是很困难的。}
• These established patterns of thinking are deeply ingrained stereotypes.^{这些既定的思维模式是根深蒂固的定型观念。}

have reference to ^{参照/与…相关}

• His very concepts of the true and the false will still have reference to his particular traditional customs.^{他关于真与假的概念仍然会参照他特定的传统习俗。}
• All interpretations of the contract must have reference to the original text.^{对合同的所有解释都必须参照原文。}
• The new law will primarily have reference to environmental protection policies.^{新法律将主要与环境保护政策相关。}

John Dewey has said in all seriousness that the part played by custom in shaping the behaviour of the individual, as against any way in which he can affect traditional custom, is as the proportion of the total vocabulary of his mother tongue against those words of his own baby talk that are taken up into the vernacular of his family.

in all seriousness ^{非常认真地}

• John Dewey has said in all seriousness that the part played by custom is significant.^{约翰·杜威非常认真地说，习俗所起的作用是巨大的。}
• I asked the question in all seriousness, expecting a thoughtful reply.^{我非常认真地提出了这个问题，期待着深思熟虑的答复。}
• The professor warned them, in all seriousness, about the difficulty of the final exam.^{这位教授非常认真地警告了他们期末考试的难度。}

the part played by... in shaping ^{…在塑造…中所起的作用}

• The part played by custom in shaping the behaviour of the individual is immense.^{习俗在塑造个体行为中所起的作用是巨大的。}
• We underestimated the part played by genetics in shaping personality traits.^{我们低估了遗传学在塑造人格特质中所起的作用。}
• The mentor emphasized the part played by hard work in shaping a successful career.^{导师强调了努力工作在塑造成功职业生涯中所起的作用。}

as against ^与…相比

• The part played by custom... as against any way in which he can affect traditional custom.^{习俗所起的作用……与他能影响传统习俗的任何方式相比。}
• We analyzed the number of sales this quarter as against the same period last year.^{我们分析了本季度的销售额与去年同期相比的情况。}
• Their profits were high this year as against the disappointing results of the previous decade.^{他们今年的利润很高，与过去十年令人失望的结果相比。}

total vocabulary of his mother tongue ^{他的母语的总词汇量}

• The proportion is like the total vocabulary of his mother tongue against his baby talk.^{这个比例就像他母语的总词汇量与他自己牙牙学语时的话语相比一样。}
• A bilingual speaker possesses a larger total vocabulary of his mother tongue combined with the second language.^{一个双语者拥有更大的母语总词汇量，加上第二语言的词汇量。}

taken up into the vernacular of his family ^{被吸收到他家庭的日常用语中}

• Those words of his own baby talk that are taken up into the vernacular of his family.^{他自己牙牙学语时的话语中被吸收到他家庭的日常用语中的那些词。}
• Certain regional phrases are taken up into the vernacular of his family after moving.^{搬家后，某些区域性的短语被吸收到他家庭的日常用语中。}
• Only a few slang terms were taken up into the vernacular of his family.^{只有少数俚语被吸收到他家庭的日常用语中。}

When one seriously studies the social orders that have had the opportunity to develop autonomously, the figure becomes no more than an exact and matter-of-fact observation.

social orders ^{社会秩序/社会结构}

• The revolution completely upended the existing social orders.^{这场革命彻底颠覆了现有的社会秩序。}
• Historians analyze how different social orders maintain stability.^{历史学家分析不同的社会秩序如何保持稳定。}
• The collapse of the empire led to a period of fragmented social orders.^{帝国的崩溃导致了一段社会秩序支离破碎的时期。}

develop autonomously ^自主发展

• The social orders that have had the opportunity to develop autonomously.^{有机会自主发展的社会秩序。}
• The remote team was allowed to develop autonomously, without constant micromanagement.^{这个远程团队被允许自主发展，没有持续的微观管理。}
• The research facility must develop autonomously to ensure unbiased findings.^{研究设施必须自主发展，以确保公正的发现。}

no more than ^{仅仅是/只不过是}

• The figure becomes no more than an exact and matter-of-fact observation.^{这个数字只不过是一个精确和实事求是的观察。}
• The error turned out to be no more than a simple typo in the code.^{这个错误结果只不过是代码中的一个简单错字。}
• His contribution was no more than a minor suggestion at the start of the project.^{他的贡献只不过是项目开始时的一个微小建议。}

matter-of-fact observation ^{实事求是的观察/客观的陈述}

• The figure becomes an exact and matter-of-fact observation.^{这个数字变成了一个精确和实事求是的观察。}
• The witness gave a calm and matter-of-fact observation of the incident.^{这位目击者对事件作了平静而实事求是的观察。}
• Her report was simply a matter-of-fact observation of the experimental results, devoid of interpretation.^{她的报告只是对实验结果的实事求是的观察，没有解读。}

The life history of the individual is first and foremost an accommodation to the patterns and standards traditionally handed down in his community.

first and foremost ^{首先/最重要的是}

• The life history of the individual is first and foremost an accommodation.^{个体的生命史首先是对模式和标准的顺应。}
• Our priority is first and foremost the safety of our customers.^{我们的首要任务首先是客户的安全。}
• As a teacher, her job is first and foremost to inspire curiosity.^{作为一名教师，她的工作首先是激发好奇心。}

accommodation to ^{适应/顺应}

• The life history of the individual is an accommodation to the patterns and standards.^{个体的生命史是对模式和标准的顺应。}
• Living abroad requires a significant accommodation to new social norms.^{在国外生活需要对新的社会规范进行重大的适应。}
• The new software required a rapid accommodation to its changed interface.^{新软件需要快速适应其改变后的界面。}

patterns and standards ^{模式和标准}

• An accommodation to the patterns and standards traditionally handed down.^{对传统上传承下来的模式和标准的顺应。}
• The organization enforces strict patterns and standards for data management.^{该组织对数据管理实施严格的模式和标准。}

traditionally handed down ^{传统上传承下来的}

• Patterns and standards traditionally handed down in his community.^{在他的社区中传统上传承下来的模式和标准。}
• The techniques for crafting the pottery were traditionally handed down from master to apprentice.^{制作陶器的技术是传统上传承下来的，从师傅传给学徒。}

From the moment of his birth, the customs into which he is born shape his experience and behaviour.

from the moment of his birth ^{从他出生的那一刻起}

• From the moment of his birth, the customs shape his experience.^{从他出生的那一刻起，习俗就塑造了他的经验。}
• The legacy of the family was clear from the moment of his birth.^{从他出生的那一刻起，这个家族的遗产就很清楚了。}
• From the moment of his birth, the royal child was destined for a life of public service.^{从他出生的那一刻起，这位王室的孩子就注定要过一种公共服务的生活。}

the customs into which he is born ^{他出生的习俗}

• The customs into which he is born shape his experience and behaviour.^{他出生的习俗塑造了他的经验和行为。}
• Understanding the customs into which he is born is key to understanding the individual.^{理解他出生的习俗是理解这个个体的关键。}

shape his experience and behaviour ^{塑造他的经验和行为}

• The customs shape his experience and behaviour.^{习俗塑造了他的经验和行为。}
• Education and environment profoundly shape his experience and behaviour throughout life.^{教育和环境深刻地塑造了他一生中的经验和行为。}

By the time he can talk, he is the little creature of his culture, and by the time he is grown and able to take part in its activities, its habits are his habits, its beliefs his beliefs, its impossibilities his impossibilities.

By the time ^{到…的时候}

• By the time he can talk, he is the little creature of his culture.^{到他会说话的时候，他就是他文化的产物了。}
• By the time the fire department arrived, the building was completely engulfed in flames.^{到消防部门到达时，大楼已完全被火焰吞噬。}
• By the time we reached the summit, the fog had lifted.^{到我们到达山顶时，雾已经散了。}

little creature of his culture ^{他文化的产物/小小的生灵}

• He is the little creature of his culture.^{他是他文化的小小生灵。}
• Every student, to some extent, is a little creature of his culture, reflecting its values and biases.^{每个学生在某种程度上都是他文化的产物，反映着它的价值观和偏见。}

be able to take part in ^能够参与

• By the time he is grown and able to take part in its activities.^{到他长大并能够参与其活动的时候。}
• After years of training, she was finally able to take part in the competitive event.^{经过多年的训练，她终于能够参与这项竞争性活动了。}

its habits are his habits ^{它的习惯是他的习惯}

• Its habits are his habits, its beliefs his beliefs, its impossibilities his impossibilities.^{它的习惯是他的习惯，它的信仰是他的信仰，它的不可能之事是他的不可能之事。}
• When immersed in a new group, soon its habits are his habits, and its jokes are his jokes.^{当沉浸在一个新群体中时，很快它的习惯就成了他的习惯，它的笑话也成了他的笑话。}

Every child that is born into his group will share them with him, and no child born into one on the opposite side of the globe can ever achieve the thousandth part.

born into his group ^{出生在他的群体中}

• Every child that is born into his group will share them with him.^{出生在他群体中的每个孩子都会与他分享它们。}
• A person born into his group inherits a specific social status and network.^{出生在他的群体中的人继承了特定的社会地位和人脉。}

share them with him ^{与他分享它们}

• Every child that is born into his group will share them with him.^{出生在他群体中的每个孩子都会与他分享它们。}
• The children will share the traditions with him as they grow older.^{孩子们长大后会与他分享这些传统。}

on the opposite side of the globe ^{在地球的另一端}

• No child born into one on the opposite side of the globe can ever achieve the thousandth part.^{在地球的另一端出生的孩子永远无法达到千分之一。}
• They managed to maintain their friendship despite living on the opposite side of the globe.^{尽管住在地球的另一端，他们仍然设法维持了友谊。}

achieve the thousandth part ^{达到千分之一}

• No child... can ever achieve the thousandth part.^{没有孩子……能达到千分之一。}
• Even with intense study, he could only achieve the thousandth part of the original master's skill.^{即使经过刻苦学习，他可能也只能达到这位原大师技艺的千分之一。}

There is no social problem it is more incumbent upon us to understand than this of the role of custom.

social problem ^社会问题

• There is no social problem it is more incumbent upon us to understand.^{没有哪个社会问题比习俗的作用更需要我们去理解。}
• Homelessness remains a pressing social problem in major cities.^{无家可归仍然是主要城市中一个紧迫的社会问题。}
• The government established a task force to tackle the root causes of the social problem.^{政府成立了一个工作组来解决这个社会问题的根源。}

it is more incumbent upon us to understand than ^{我们更有责任去理解}

• There is no social problem it is more incumbent upon us to understand than this of the role of custom.^{没有哪个社会问题比习俗的作用更需要我们去理解。}
• There is no ethical dilemma it is more incumbent upon us to address than this of data privacy.^{没有哪个伦理困境比数据隐私更需要我们去解决。}
• There is no task it is more incumbent upon us to complete than this crucial system upgrade.^{没有哪个任务比这次关键的系统升级更需要我们去完成。}

the role of custom ^{习俗的作用}

• The role of custom.^{习俗的作用。}
• Anthropologists dedicate their careers to studying the role of custom in society formation.^{人类学家致力于研究习俗在社会形成中的作用。}

Until we are intelligent as to its laws and varieties, the main complicating facts of human life must remain unintelligible.

intelligent as to ^{对…有深入了解/认识}

• Until we are intelligent as to its laws and varieties.^{直到我们对其规律和多样性有深入了解。}
• We must become intelligent as to the new regulations before proceeding.^{在进行之前，我们必须对新法规有所认识。}
• The team needs to be intelligent as to the competitive landscape before launching the product.^{在推出产品之前，团队需要对竞争格局有所深入了解。}

laws and varieties ^{规律和多样性}

• Intelligent as to its laws and varieties.^{对其规律和多样性有深入了解。}
• Studying the weather requires understanding its fundamental laws and varieties.^{研究天气需要了解其基本规律和多样性。}

the main complicating facts of human life ^{人类生活的主要复杂事实}

• The main complicating facts of human life must remain unintelligible.^{人类生活的主要复杂事实必定仍然难以理解。}
• Economic inequality is one of the main complicating facts of human life in the modern era.^{经济不平等是现代人类生活的主要复杂事实之一。}

must remain unintelligible ^{必定仍然难以理解}

• The main complicating facts of human life must remain unintelligible.^{人类生活的主要复杂事实必定仍然难以理解。}
• Without the decryption key, the encrypted message must remain unintelligible.^{没有解密密钥，加密信息必定仍然难以理解。}

The study of custom can be profitable only after certain preliminary propositions have been accepted, and some of these propositions have been violently opposed.

profitable ^{有益的/有利可图的}

• The study of custom can be **profitable** only after certain propositions have been accepted.^{习俗的研究只有在某些初步命题被接受之后才能是有益的。}
• Investing in renewable energy has proven to be a **profitable** long-term strategy.^{投资可再生能源已被证明是一个有利可图的长期战略。}
• Sharing knowledge and resources makes the collaboration more **profitable** for everyone involved.^{分享知识和资源使协作对所有参与者更有益。}

preliminary propositions ^初步命题

• Can be profitable only after certain **preliminary propositions** have been accepted.^{只有在某些初步命题被接受之后才能是有益的。}
• The team must agree on the **preliminary propositions** before starting the complex analysis.^{团队必须在开始复杂的分析之前就初步命题达成一致。}
• We spent the morning discussing the **preliminary propositions** that form the basis of the research.^{我们花了一个上午讨论构成研究基础的初步命题。}

have been violently opposed ^{受到了强烈的反对}

• Some of these propositions **have been violently opposed**.^{其中一些命题受到了强烈的反对。}
• The new policy on budget cuts **has been violently opposed** by the public sector unions.^{新的预算削减政策受到了公共部门工会的强烈反对。}
• The initial draft of the treaty **had been violently opposed** by several member states.^{条约的初稿曾受到几个成员国的强烈反对。}

In the first place, any scientific study requires that there be no preferential weighting of one or another of the items in the series it selects for its consideration.

in the first place ^{首先/第一点}

• **In the first place**, any scientific study requires that there be no preferential weighting.^{首先，任何科学研究都要求没有偏袒性的权重。}
• **In the first place**, we need to secure funding before hiring more staff.^{首先，我们需要在招聘更多员工之前确保资金到位。}

requires that there be no preferential weighting ^{要求没有偏袒性的权重}

• Any scientific study **requires that there be no preferential weighting** of one or another of the items.^{任何科学研究都要求对它选择考虑的系列项目中的任何一项都没有偏袒性的权重。}
• Fair judgment **requires that there be no preferential weighting** given to personal relationships.^{公正的评判要求不对私人关系给予偏袒性的权重。}

in the series it selects for its consideration ^{在它选择考虑的系列中}

• No preferential weighting of one or another of the items **in the series it selects for its consideration**.^{对它选择考虑的系列项目中的任何一项都没有偏袒性的权重。}

In all the less controversial fields, like the study of cacti or termites or the mature of nebulae, the necessary method of study is to group the relevant material and to take note of all possible variant forms and conditions.

less controversial fields ^{较少争议的领域}

• In all the **less controversial fields**, like the study of cacti or termites.^{在所有较少争议的领域，比如仙人掌或白蚁的研究。}
• The team decided to focus on **less controversial fields** of research to ensure quick publication.^{团队决定专注于较少争议的研究领域，以确保快速发表。}

the necessary method of study is to ^{必要的学习方法是}

• In all the less controversial fields, **the necessary method of study is to** group the relevant material.^{在所有较少争议的领域，必要的学习方法是汇集相关材料。}
• For complex systems, **the necessary method of study is to** break them down into smaller, manageable components.^{对于复杂的系统，必要的学习方法是将其分解为更小、可管理的组件。}

group the relevant material ^{汇集相关材料}

• The necessary method of study is to **group the relevant material** and to take note of all possible variant forms.^{必要的学习方法是汇集相关材料，并注意到所有可能的变异形式。}
• The librarian helped the student **group the relevant material** for their history thesis.^{图书馆员帮助学生汇集了他们的历史论文的相关材料。}

take note of all possible variant forms and conditions ^{注意到所有可能的变异形式和条件}

• And to **take note of all possible variant forms and conditions**.^{并注意到所有可能的变异形式和条件。}
• It is crucial for field biologists to **take note of all possible variant forms and conditions** of the local ecosystem.^{对于野外生物学家来说，注意到当地生态系统的所有可能的变异形式和条件至关重要。}

In this way, we have learned all that we know of the laws of astronomy, or of the habits of the social insects, let us say.

in this way ^{以这种方式}

• **In this way**, we have learned all that we know of the laws of astronomy.^{以这种方式，我们学到了所有我们知道的天文学定律。}
• **In this way**, the company managed to reduce its overhead costs significantly.^{以这种方式，公司设法大幅减少了间接费用。}

the laws of astronomy ^{天文学定律}

• We have learned all that we know of **the laws of astronomy**.^{我们学到了所有我们知道的天文学定律。}
• Understanding **the laws of astronomy** allows us to predict celestial events.^{理解天文学定律使我们能够预测天体事件。}

the habits of the social insects ^{社会性昆虫的习性}

• Or of **the habits of the social insects**, let us say.^{或者说，社会性昆虫的习性。}
• A fascinating subject of study is **the habits of the social insects** and their complex hierarchies.^{一个引人入胜的研究课题是社会性昆虫的习性和它们复杂的等级制度。}

let us say ^{可以说/比如}

• Of the habits of the social insects, **let us say**.^{或者说，社会性昆虫的习性。}
• The project will require a large investment, **let us say**, around ten million dollars.^{这个项目将需要一大笔投资，比如，大约一千万美元。}

It is only in the study of man himself that the major social sciences have substituted the study of one local variation, that of Western civilization.

it is only in... that... ^{只有在…中，…才…（强调结构）}

• **It is only in the study of man himself that** the major social sciences have substituted the study of one local variation.^{只有在研究人类自身时，主要的社会科学才用研究一个地方变体来代替。}
• **It is only in the final chapter that** the author reveals the true identity of the murderer.^{只有在最后一章中，作者才揭示了凶手的真实身份。}
• **It is only in extreme conditions that** the true strength of the material can be tested.^{只有在极端条件下，材料的真正强度才能得到检验。}

have substituted the study of ^{已用…研究来代替}

• The major social sciences **have substituted the study of** one local variation.^{主要的社会科学已用研究一个地方变体来代替。}
• The company **has substituted the study of** user feedback for reliance on internal assumptions.^{该公司已用用户反馈的研究来代替对内部假设的依赖。}

local variation ^{地方变体/局部变异}

• The major social sciences have substituted the study of one **local variation**, that of Western civilization.^{主要的社会科学已用研究一个地方变体，即西方文明来代替。}
• Biologists often study **local variation** within a species to understand adaptation.^{生物学家通常研究一个物种内部的地方变体以理解适应性。}

Anthropology was by definition impossible, as long as these distinctions between ourselves and the primitive, ourselves and the barbarian, ourselves and the pagan, held sway over people's minds.

by definition ^{根据定义/本质上}

• Anthropology was **by definition** impossible, as long as these distinctions held sway.^{只要这些区别占据人们的头脑，人类学根据定义就是不可能的。}
• A square is **by definition** a rectangle with four equal sides.^{一个正方形根据定义就是四条边相等的矩形。}
• Fraud is **by definition** a deliberate deception to secure unfair or unlawful gain.^{欺诈本质上是为了获得不公平或非法的利益而进行的蓄意欺骗。}

distinctions between ^{…之间的区别}

• As long as these **distinctions between** ourselves and the primitive held sway.^{只要这些我们和原始人之间的区别占据主导地位。}
• It is important to recognize the subtle **distinctions between** confidence and arrogance.^{认识到自信和傲慢之间的微妙区别是很重要的。}

held sway over people's minds ^{占据人们的头脑/支配人们的思想}

• As long as these distinctions **held sway over people's minds**.^{只要这些区别占据人们的头脑。}
• For decades, the ideology of the ruling party **held sway over people's minds**.^{几十年来，执政党的意识形态一直支配着人们的思想。}
• Superstition often **holds sway over people's minds** in times of uncertainty.^{在不确定时期，迷信往往会支配人们的思想。}

It was necessary first to arrive at that degree of sophistication where we no longer set our own belief against our neighbour's superstition.

arrive at ^{达到/得出（结论、理解）}

• It was necessary first to **arrive at** that degree of sophistication.^{首先有必要达到那种成熟程度。}
• After hours of discussion, the committee was finally able to **arrive at** a consensus.^{经过数小时的讨论，委员会最终能够达成共识。}

that degree of sophistication ^{那种成熟程度/那种复杂程度}

• To **arrive at that degree of sophistication** where we no longer set our own belief against our neighbour's superstition.^{达到那种成熟程度，即我们不再将自己的信仰与邻居的迷信对立起来。}
• The technology has reached **that degree of sophistication** where it can operate almost completely autonomously.^{这项技术已达到那种复杂程度，几乎可以完全自主运行。}

set our own belief against ^{将我们自己的信仰与…对立起来}

• We no longer **set our own belief against** our neighbour's superstition.^{我们不再将自己的信仰与邻居的迷信对立起来。}
• It is counterproductive to **set our own methods against** those of the new team members.^{将我们自己的方法与新团队成员的方法对立起来是事与愿违的。}

neighbour's superstition ^{邻居的迷信}

• No longer set our own belief against our **neighbour's superstition**.^{不再将自己的信仰与邻居的迷信对立起来。}

It was necessary to recognize that these institutions which are based on the same premises, let us say the supernatural, must be considered together, our own among the rest.

recognize that ^认识到

• It was necessary to **recognize that** these institutions must be considered together.^{有必要认识到这些机构必须一起考虑。}
• We must **recognize that** collaboration is essential for solving complex global issues.^{我们必须认识到协作对于解决复杂的全球问题至关重要。}

based on the same premises ^{基于相同的前提}

• These institutions which are **based on the same premises**, let us say the supernatural.^{这些基于相同的前提——比如超自然——的机构。}
• The two philosophical schools, although different in practice, are **based on the same premises** regarding human nature.^{这两个哲学流派，尽管在实践中有所不同，但在人性方面是基于相同的前提。}

let us say ^{比如说/姑且这么说}

• Based on the same premises, **let us say** the supernatural.^{基于相同的前提，比如说超自然。}
• The cost, **let us say** around five thousand dollars, is acceptable given the quality.^{考虑到质量，成本，姑且这么说大约五千美元，是可以接受的。}

must be considered together ^{必须一起考虑}

• These institutions... **must be considered together**, our own among the rest.^{这些机构……必须一起考虑，包括我们自己的在内。}
• The budget and the timeline **must be considered together** when planning a large project.^{在规划一个大型项目时，预算和时间表必须一起考虑。}

our own among the rest ^{我们自己的在其余之中/包括我们自己的在内}

• Must be considered together, **our own among the rest**.^{必须一起考虑，包括我们自己的在内。}
• The committee reviewed all proposals, **our own among the rest**, to ensure impartiality.^{委员会审查了所有提案，包括我们自己的在内，以确保公正性。}