leave [liːv] n. 允许
fundamental [ˌfʌndəˈmentl] adj. 基本的
【派】fundamentals 基本原则
【扩】rudimental 基本的 elementary 基本的
* * *
A: Fresh air is fundamental to good health.
B: Yes, that's why I want to live in the country.
A：新鲜空气是身体健康之必需。
B：是的，这就是为什么我想住到农村去的原因。
* * *
glorious [ˈɡlɔːriəs] adj. 光辉灿烂的
【扩】effulgent 光辉灿烂的
* * *
A: How glorious the sunset was!
B: But I think I like sunrise more.
A：日落是多么的辉煌灿烂！
B：但我想我还是更喜欢日出。
* * *
splendid [ˈsplendid] adj. 灿烂的
* * *
A: A happy birthday brings you a most beautiful and splendid year.
B: Thank you for your blessing.
A：快乐的生日，为你带来最美丽、最辉煌灿烂的一年。
B：谢谢你的祝福。
* * *
rub [rʌb] n. 难题
【派】rubber 橡胶
【搭】rub down 磨平 rub out 用橡皮擦掉
* * *
A: We need money badly, but the rub is that no one will lend us any.
B: If you don't want too much, maybe I can help you.
A：我们很需要钱，但困难的是没人借钱给我们。
B：如果你们要得不是很多的话，也许我可以帮你们。
* * *
identity [aiˈdentiti] n. 身份
【扩】identify 鉴定，识别
* * *
A: Please prove your identity.
B: Here is my passport.
A：请证明你的身份。
B：这是我的护照。
* * *
dreary [ˈdriəri] adj. 沉郁的
commitment [kəˈmitmənt] n. 信奉
【扩】belief 信念，信仰
* * *
A: My only commitment is victory.
B: You are a competitive person.
A：我唯一所信奉的就是胜利。
B：你是一个好胜心很强的人。
* * *
mean [miːn] adj. 吝啬的，小气的
【扩】stingy 吝啬的，小气的
* * *
A: She is mean and never invites people to meals.
B: But she still has many friends.
A：她很小气，从不请人吃饭。
B：但她仍然有很多朋友。
* * *
social climber [ˌsəuʃəl-ˈklaimə] 追求更高社会地位的人
devotion [diˈvəuʃən] n. 热爱
* * *
A: Devotion is another factor to success.
B: Right. It's hard for people to get success without it.
A：热爱是成功的另一个因素。
B：对，离开它人们很难获得成功。
* * *
cosmic [ˈkɔzmik] adj. 宇宙的
suburban [səˈbəːbən] adj. 见识不广的，偏狭的
conceited [kənˈsiːtid] adj. 自高自大的
【例】The conceited man feels superior to everyone else.
这位自高自大的人觉得自己比任何人都强。
presumptuous [priˈzʌmptʃuəs] adj. 自以为是的，放肆的
【扩】smug 自鸣得意的
【例】It would be presumptuous for anybody to offer such a view.
任何人提出这种观点都是放肆的。
fatuous [ˈfætʃuəs] adj. 愚蠢的
【扩】asinine 愚蠢的 addlepated 愚蠢的
* * *
A: He said that a career in this line was unsuitable for a woman.
B: It is fatuous to say so.
A：他说这个行当对一个妇女来说是不适合的。
B：说这样的话真愚蠢。
* * *
cliché [ˈkliːʃei] n. 陈词滥调
* * *
A: It is a hoary cliché of management schools that a good boss knows how to listen.
B: Did you do it well in the work?
A：这是一个管理学上的陈词滥调了，一个好的老板应懂得如何倾听。
B：你在工作中做得好吗？
verb [vt. 及物动词]离开（某人或某处）;留下;丢下；剩下；遗忘 - He would not be allowed to leave the country.
noun [抽象名词]假期，休假；准许，许可；（斯努克、槌球等）收盘球势，（球被击后）停留的位置 - This is a button to submit the leave application.
A.离开
- He has left Beijing.
- When will you leave the hotel?
B.遗留、落
- Please leave the door open. 留着门儿。
- I left my bag on the train. 我把包落在火车上了。
leave n. permission 允许，许可（一般用于固定搭配）
- He did it without my leave.
- The senator asked leave to take the floor. take the floor 起立发言
| I take leave to do sth. 请允许我做某事 | I take leave to say / doubt / think … |
|---|---|
| forgive me for doing 请允许我... | Forgive me for saying so, but what you said is nonsense. |
| I take the liberty of doing 我擅自决定去做... | I take the liberty of asking you a question. |
| I venture to do 冒昧的去做... | I venture to say that you are making a dangerous mistake. |
noun [抽象名词]基本面；基本原理（fundamental 的复数） - They agree on fundamentals, like the need for further political reform.
fundamentals n. basic rules, ideas or principles 基本原理，基本原则
- Spam and virus filtering fundamentals.垃圾邮件和病毒过滤的基本原理。
- These are fundamentals. 这些是最基本的。
- Market fundamentals were also crucial. 市场为本也很重要。
fundamental adj. basic, essential 根本的
- the fundamental difference
- the fundamental cause of the problem
| the basics 基本原则 | He forced himself to do the basics. 他强迫自己做最基本的。 |
| the rudiments 基础；雏形；初步要素 | I taught myself the rudiments of printing. 我自学了印刷的基本知识。 |
| the first principles 第一性原理 | One of the first principles of probability theory is called the multiplication rule. 概率论的基本原理之一叫做乘法法则。 |
adjective [原级]光荣的，值得称道的；辉煌的，绚丽的；极其愉快的；（天气）阳光灿烂的 - Harrison had a glorious career spanning more than six decades.
glorious ['ɡlɔ:riəs] adj. 光辉灿烂的，荣耀的，辉煌的
- All the Chinese compatriots should take concerted efforts to create a glorious future of the Chinese nation.
| a rosy future 美好的未来 | We hope the new agreement will lead to a rosy future for the industry. 我们希望这项新协议将为这个行业带来美好的未来。 |
|---|---|
| a brilliant future 光明的未来 | With her talent and hard work, she is assured of a brilliant future. 凭借她的天赋和努力，她无疑拥有一个光明的未来。 |
| a splendid future 辉煌的未来 | The young artist's early success suggests a splendid future ahead of him. 这位年轻艺术家早期的成功预示着他前途辉煌。 |
| a magnificent future 宏伟的未来 | They are working together to build a magnificent future for their children. 他们正在共同努力，为他们的孩子创造一个宏伟的未来。 |
adjective [原级]极佳的，非常好的；壮丽的，灿烂的，辉煌的；（一段时光）令人愉快的 - The book includes a wealth of splendid photographs.
interjection [惊讶]（表示赞许或满意）好极了，痛快 - I have heard him tell people that we get along splendidly.
verb [vt. 及物动词]擦，磨擦；揉擦，按摩（尤指疼痛部位）；擦痛，磨损；涂，抹；摹拓，拓印（黄铜碑或墓石的）碑文；（滚木球）（球）受阻，转向；（使）相互摩擦，搓；把（配料）揉擦进（混合物）（rub sth. in/into/through） - It should be comfortable against the skin without rubbing, chafing, or cutting into anything.
noun [具体名词]（用手或物体）擦，揉；按摩膏，面膜；<正式>困难，问题（the rub）；<美>（烹饪肉之前涂抹在肉表面的）混合香料；（球）受阻，转向；磨损处 - She gave her knee a quick rub.
rub n.a problem or difficult situation 难题，困难，困境
- Here is the rub. 这就是问题所在
- That’s where the rub is.
rub sb. the wrong way 让某人生气
- His constant complaining about the company always rubs the boss the wrong way.他没完没了地抱怨公司总是惹恼老板。
- I didn't mean to offend her, but something I said clearly rubbed her the wrong way.我不是故意冒犯她，但我说的某句话显然让她生气了。
- The new manager's overly strict rules immediately rubbed the whole team the wrong way.新经理过于严格的规定立刻让整个团队感到不快/惹恼了他们。
- She has a habit of interrupting people, which tends to rub everyone the wrong way.她有个打断别人说话的习惯，这往往会惹恼每一个人。
- Try to be more polite; you don't want to rub your potential in-laws the wrong way during dinner.尽量礼貌一些；你可不想在晚餐时惹恼你未来的岳父母/公婆。
| get on one’s nerves 惹某人生气 | But under today's conditions, employment can also get on your nerves. 不过在当下的环境中，就业也可以让人心烦不安。 |
|---|
noun [专属名词]身份，本体；个性，特性；同一性，一致；恒等运算，恒等式 - The identity of a person or place is the characteristics that distinguish them from others.
adjective [原级]沉闷的，令人沮丧的 - His old dreams had been so pleasant; but this reality was so dreary!
noun [抽象名词]忠诚，献身；承诺，保证；奉献，投入；热情，决心；义务，责任；花费，使用（资金、时间、人力）；需要定期支付的款项 - We made a commitment to keep working together.
commitment [kə'mɪtmənt] n. 信奉，信仰；承诺
| 信奉，信仰 | commitment to sth. 对…的信仰 | have a sincere commitment to religion / communism |
|---|---|---|
| 承诺 | make a commitment to do … 做出承诺 | She promised to stand by him, and once you make that commitment you have to see it through. |
| honor / fulfill one’s commitment 履行承诺 | We must honor our commitments to small nations. | |
The President of the United States has reiterated the U.S. commitment to the Three Sino-U.S. Joint Communiqués.
verb [vt. 及物动词]意味着；表示…的意思，作…的解释；打算，意欲；使专门用于；导致，结果是；十分熟识；当真，说到做到；对某人重要 - What does "evidence" mean?
adjective [原级]吝啬的，小气的；不善良的，刻薄的；要发怒的；熟练的，出色的；平均的；简陋的，破旧的；微薄的；<旧>出身卑贱的，社会地位低下的；中庸的，中等的；<美>凶狠的，好斗的 - The little girls had locked themselves in the room because Mack had been mean to them.
noun [抽象名词]中庸，折衷；平均数，中数；中间点 - Take a hundred and twenty values and calculate the mean.
表示意思或含义：
- What does this word mean? （这个词是什么意思？）
- The symbol '+' means addition. （符号“+”表示加法。）
表示打算、计划或目的：
- I mean to finish this project by tomorrow. （我打算在明天之前完成这个项目。）
- What do you mean by that statement? （你这个说法是什么意思？）
表示引起后果或结果：
- Careless driving can mean accidents. （粗心驾驶可能会导致事故。）
- Being late could mean losing the job. （迟到可能意味着失去这份工作。）
表示对某人有某种意义或印象：
- He means a lot to me. （他对我来说很重要。）
- This painting means nothing to me. （这幅画对我毫无意义。）
表示平均数：
- The mean of these numbers is 8. （这些数字的平均数是8。）
表示中间值（在统计中常用的概念）：
- The median is the middle value, but the mean is the average. （中位数是中间值，但平均数是所有值的平均值。）
表示目标、意图或目的：
- What is your main mean in doing this? （你做这件事的主要目标是什么？）
当"mean"作为形容词时，它通常有贬义的含义，表示刻薄的、自私的或恶意的。以下是关于"mean"作为形容词的用法：
刻薄的、恶意的：
- She made a mean comment about his appearance. （她对他的外表发表了恶意的评论。）
- Stop being so mean to your little sister. （别对你妹妹那么刻薄。）
吝啬的、小气的：
- He's too mean to share his food with others. （他太小气了，不愿意和别人分享食物。）
- The boss is known for being mean with bonuses. （这位老板因为奖金分配小气而出名。）
当"mean"作为副词时，它的主要含义是“中等地”或“不友好地”。以下是关于"mean"作为副词的用法：
中等地、适度地：
- She sings neither too softly nor too loudly, but just meanly. （她唱歌既不太轻也不太响，而是适度地。）
- The temperature stays meanly warm throughout the year. （温度整年保持适度的温暖。）
不友好地、刻薄地：
- He looked at her meanly, as if he despised her. （他刻薄地看着她，好像鄙视她一样。）
- The children were laughing meanly at the boy's misfortune. （孩子们刻薄地嘲笑着那个男孩的不幸。）
需要注意的是，"mean"作为形容词和副词的用法在口语中更常见，在正式写作中较少使用。根据具体语境，它们可以表示人的行为态度或某事物的程度。
noun [专属名词]社交攀登者：试图在社交界获得更高社会地位或在时尚社会中获得认可的人。 - That Rob was a snob and a social climber could not be denied.
noun [抽象名词]挚爱，忠诚；奉献；（宗教的）虔诚；祈祷，礼拜 - At first she was flattered by his devotion.
devotion to sb. / sth. 对…的热爱（强调奉献精神）
- devotion to the cause of education
- Her lifelong devotion to humanitarian work is truly inspiring. 她毕生对人道主义工作的奉献精神是真正鼓舞人心的。
| love 爱（没有场合限制） | A mother's love for her child is unconditional. 母亲对孩子的爱是无条件的。 |
|---|---|
| affection 慈爱、喜爱 | He showed great affection for his grandchildren. 他对他的孙辈表现出极大的慈爱。 |
| parental affection 父母之爱 / 慈爱 | Children need a sense of security and parental affection to thrive. 孩子们需要安全感和父母之爱才能茁壮成长。 |
| maternal / paternal affection 母爱 / 父爱 | The study highlighted the importance of early maternal affection in child development. 这项研究强调了早期母爱在儿童发展中的重要性。 |
| affectionate 充满柔情的、慈爱的 | He is an incredibly kind and affectionate husband. 他是一位非常善良和充满柔情的丈夫。 |
| infatuation 过分的迷恋（略贬义） | It wasn't true love, just a brief period of intense infatuation. 那不是真爱，而仅仅是一段短暂而强烈的迷恋。 |
adjective [原级]宇宙的，外层空间的；巨大的，极重要的；精神的，神灵的 - Cosmic means belonging or relating to the universe.
adjective [原级]郊区的，城郊的；平淡乏味的，乡气的，平庸的 - ...a comfortable suburban home. …
noun [专属名词]郊区居民 - They would also terrorize and kill dogs and cats which is not what the suburban dwellers have in mind.
adjective [原级]自负的，骄傲自大的 - I thought he was conceited and arrogant.
adjective [原级]专横的；放肆的；冒昧的 - It would be presumptuous to judge what the outcome will be.
adjective [原级]愚蠢的，愚昧的；错误的；未经认真考虑的 - The Chief was left speechless by this fatuous remark.
noun [抽象名词]陈词滥调；使用陈词滥调；平庸之人；平庸之物；[印刷] <主英>铅版，铅版印刷；电版，电版印刷物 - To use a well-worn cliche, it is packed with information.
