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定语从句

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定语从句 §

  • 功能:用一个句子做定语,定义、修饰名词。
  • 位置:根据英文的“理让弱小”原则,谁短谁放前面,定语是一个句子,短不了,必须放到被修饰名词的后面。
  • 结构:先行词 + 关系词 + 定语从句 (即:名词 + 连接词 + 定语)
  • 考点:选择使用正确的关系代词。
被修饰的名词 连接词 修饰定语
This is the job which I have dreamed of the job for years.
先行词 关系词 定语从句

通过先行词推导关系词

简单句 定语从句
  • 在定语从句中,C代替了B,所以 B = C
  • 我们可以得到:A = B ; B = C ;推导出:A = C
  • A 是先行词;C 是关系词。结论:先行词 = 关系词
This is the job. I have dreamed of the job for years. This is the job which I have dreamed of the job for years.
This is A. I have dreamed of B for years. A = B  This is A + C + I have dreamed of B for years. C = B
定语从句与宾语从句不一样,宾语从句是缺什么选择什么关系词,而定语从句,只需要看先行词即可;
先行词 关系词 用法/类型 示例
事/物 which 那个/哪个 限制性 & 非限制性 The book, which is on the table, belongs to me. (非限制)
The book which is on the table is mine. (限制)
that 那个 仅限制性(不可用于非限制性) The car that is parked outside is mine.
人 that 那个 I have a friend that speaks English.
who 谁 限制性 & 非限制性 Linda, who is my best friend, is coming over for dinner. (非限制)
The girl who speaks English is my friend. (限制)
whom 谁
The man, whom I met at the party, is a famous actor. (非限制)
The man whom I met yesterday is a doctor. (限制)
人/物 某人的\某物的 whose 谁的 The house, whose roof is red, is for sale. (非限制)
The boy whose dog barked is my neighbor. (限制)
地点 where 在…的地方 I visited the school where my mother works. (限制)
I went to Beijing, where I stayed for a week. (非限制)
时间 when 在…的时候 I still remember the day when we first met. (限制)
We will meet in May, when the roses are in bloom. (非限制)
原因 why …的原因 主要用于限制性 That's the reason why I didn't go to the party.
  • 关键区别:限制性定语从句对先行词起限定/修饰作用,缺少后影响主句含义;非限制性定语从句仅作补充说明,通常用逗号隔开,去掉后不影响主句基本意思。
  • that 的禁区:that 不能引导非限制性定语从句,且不能紧跟在介词后面。
  • 关系词作成分:定语从句的关系词在从句中必须充当成分(主语、宾语、定语或状语)。
  • 关系词的省略:在限制性定语从句中,关系词作宾语时可以省略(非限制性定语从句中的关系词不可省略)。
快速区别限定性与非限定性定语从句:
Lily is a good teacher who is giving a lesson. 莉莉是一位正在讲课的好老师。
Lily is a good teacher, who is giving a lesson. 莉莉是一位好老师,(她)正在讲课。Lily, who is giving a lesson now, is a good teacher.
Lily, who is giving a lesson now, is a good teacher. 也可以修饰 Lily,意思同上。
Lily who is giving a lesson now is a good teacher. 正在上课的那个 Lily 是一位好老师(意思变了,暗示有多个叫 Lily 的人)。

定语从句与关系代词

定语从句像形容词一样可以形容人、物及事件。分为限定性从句和非限定性关系从句(带逗号,如我的爸、妈、爷、奶是固定且唯一的)。
  • I have a book that/which he likes.( “book” 为先行词 “that/which” 为关系代词)

关系代词的两个功能 一是承上, 一是启下(如上句中的 “book” 作从句的宾语)

  • The boy who is standing at the door is my brother.
  • I can do anything that I can do. 我愿意做我力所能及的事情来帮助你
  • The boat whose name is...
  • I have a house whose windows are broken. 我有一个房子, 房子的窗户都破了.
限制性定语从句 对先行词起修饰和限制作用的从句,去掉它将导致句子意义不完整或发生歧义 非限制性定语从句 对先行词起补充说明或附加信息的从句,即使去掉也不会影响句子的完整性和主要意义
  • The car that is parked outside is mine. 这辆停在外面的车是我的。
  • The car is mine. 这车是我的(去掉限制改变了原意)
  • Linda, who is my best friend, is coming over for dinner. 我最好的朋友琳达要来吃晚饭。
  • Linda is coming over for dinner. 琳达要来吃晚饭。(去掉非限制不改变原意。只缺少修饰)