现存研究结果_夸克英语笔记

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现存研究结果

右侧笔记支持独立滚动。边听名师连读拆解，边对照右侧的语法事实与统计数据笔记。

We must conclude from the work of those who have studied the origin of life, that given a planet only approximately like our own, life is almost certain to start.

given + n.^{（过去分词短语作条件状语）如果有，假如有}

Given the chance, I’d do it again.
Given good health, I hope to finish the work this year.
Given the same treatment again, he is sure to get well.

given ^{prep. taking sth. into account 考虑到/鉴于…}

Given his age, he's a remarkably fast runner.
Given the current economic climate, the company has decided to postpone its expansion plans. ^{考虑到目前的经济形势，公司决定推迟扩张计划。}
Given that she is interested in children, I am sure teaching is the right career for her.
Given the current economic climate, finding a job quickly will be challenging.^{考虑到当前的经济环境，快速找到工作将是具有挑战性的。}

given (the fact) that … ^{考虑到…（后接从句）}	Given that he has only been learning English for six months, his progress is truly remarkable. ^{考虑到他才学了半年英语，他的进步确实非常显著。}

start ^{v. to come into being, activity, or operation 产生，出现，开始}

His illness started with a slight cough.
How did the war start?
With the right conditions in place, the reaction is almost certain to start.^{在具备适当的条件的情况下，反应几乎肯定会开始。}

Of all the planets in our own solar system, we are now pretty certain the Earth is the only one on which life can survive.

注：现代英语中从句跟在 sure / certain / afraid / glad / confident ... 这类形容词后，作用是补足形容词的语义内容，让句子完整。
传统语法中 certain = certain of ... / certain that ... 其中 of 遇 that 可以省略，而 that 本身也可以省略。所有会有“介宾宾语从句”与“形容词补足语从句”这 2 种可能性。

of ^{prep. used when comparing related things （用于比较时）在…中}

I'm surprised that you of all people think that.
A flat tyre today of all days what bad luck!
He's the best looking of the three brothers.
But, of the vertebrates, unpredictable Nature selected only snakes (and one lizard).
Of all the candidates interviewed, she was clearly the most qualified.^{在所有接受面试的候选人中，她显然是最合格的。}

Mars is too dry and poor in oxygen, Venus far too hot, and so is Mercury, and the outer planets have temperatures near absolute zero and hydrogen-dominated atmospheres.

poor in sth. ^{lacking sth. that is needed 缺乏…}

soil poor in nutrients
The country is poor in natural resources.

rich in sth. ^{containing a lot of sth. 富于…，富含…，盛产…}

a play rich in humor
China is rich in minerals.
Citrus fruits are rich in vitamin C.

Mars is too dry and poor in oxygen, Venus (is) far too hot, and so is Mercury, … ^补全课文

outer planet ^{n. any of the planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto whose orbits lie beyond the asteroid belt 外行星，带外行星}

They are the first cirrus clouds seen on an outer planet. ^{它们是首次在外行星上发现的卷云。}
The hero of this book is a little prince from an outer planet. ^{本书的主人公是来自外星球的小王子。}
This outer planet is a gas giant, like Jupiter or Saturn or Uranus. ^{像木星、土星或是天王星一样，这颗带外行星也是一个巨大的气体团。}
Generally, the best time to observe an outer planet like Jupiter is when the planet is retrograding. ^{一般来说，像观察木星一类外太空行星的最佳时间就是行星在逆行的时候。}

absolute zero ^{n [U] −273ºC or −460ºF, the lowest temperature that is possible in theory 绝对零度}

Its lower fixed point is absolute zero. ^{其低端固定点温度是绝对零度。}
Absolute zero is the lowest possible temperature. ^{绝对温度是物体的最低可能温度。}
Until then , the term "absolute zero" will have no meaning. ^{在那以前， “绝对零度”一词无任何意义。}
There is an absolute zero of entropy, and that's really what we learn. ^{而熵是有绝对零点的，这就是我们学到的。}

dominate ^{v. to be the most important person or thing 是最重要的人或事物}

The earthquake once again dominated the news.
Don't allow the computer to dominate your child's life.
My weekend was dominated by housework.

hydrogen-dominated = atmospheres which are dominated by hydrogen ⇒ hydrogen-dominated atmospheres

silverware which is made by hands ⇒ hand-made silverware
diseases which are related to stress ⇒ stress-related diseases
enterprises which are owned by states ⇒ state-owned enterprises
The gas giant is characterized by its thick, helium-dominated atmosphere.^{这个气态巨行星的特点是其厚厚的、以氦气为主的大气层。}

But other suns, stars as the astronomers call them, are bound to have planets like our own, and as the number of stars in the universe is so vast, this possibility becomes virtual certainty.

be bound to do^{certain to do sth. 必然会.../一定会...}

The weather is bound to get better tomorrow.
On our road ahead, we are bound to meet with difficulties.
Given the pressure, the system is bound to have a major failure soon.^{考虑到目前的压力，这个系统很快必然会有一次重大故障。}

be / feel bound to do ... ^{有责任或义务做某事} ^{(obliged by law or duty to do sth.)}	I felt bound to tell him the truth. I am bound to say I disagree with you on this point.

vast ^{adj. very large in area, size, quantity or degree（面积、体积、数量或程度）巨大的}

a vast area of forest
a vast crowd
Your help made a vast difference.

virtual ^{adj. [only before noun] almost or very nearly the thing described, so that any slight difference is not important 实际上的，其实，几乎，差不多}

The company has a virtual monopoly in this area of trade.
He married a virtual stranger.
When her husband had a stroke, she was given virtual control of the business.
But the chances are against it, and there is a virtual limit on how long we can hope to remain alive, however lucky and robust we are.

There are 100,000 million stars in our own Milky Way alone, and then there are 3,000 million other Milky Ways, or galaxies, in the universe.

Milky Way ^{n. the galaxy containing the solar system, visible as a broad band of faint light in the night sky 银河系}

Some stars out of Milky Way outblaze the sun. ^{银河系外的有些星体其光度超过太阳。}
Globular clusters once ruled the Milky Way. ^{球状星团曾经统治着银河系。}
Gigolo even not come, Milky Way still flicker.^{牛郎即使不来，银河依旧闪烁。}

alone ^{adv. without including anything else 单单，仅}

These alone took sixteen months to build.
These books alone cost me 2,000 yuan.
Time alone will tell.

Persistence and determination alone are omnipotent. ^{― Calvin Coolidge}

or 引出同位语

So the number of stars that we know exist is now estimated at about 300 million million million.

Embedded Attributive Clause ^{嵌入式定语从句}

这种定语从句的特征是：既修饰先行词又同时做另一个主谓结构的宾语。

Turning back down the main street, we quickened our pace and made our way rapidly towards the stream where we hoped the boatman was waiting.
There was no trace of fingerprints, but the inspector found a dirty red bundle that contained jewellery which the old lady said was not hers.
In this part of the cave, they could hear an insistent booming sound which they found was caused by a small waterspout shooting down into a pool from the roof of the cave.
I hired a car the day after landing and bought a comprehensive book of maps, which I found most helpful on the cross country journey, but which I did not think I should need on the last stage. ^{不能看着是插入语}

嵌入式定语从句与插入语的区别在于其定义，去掉插入语不会影响句子的意思与语法结构。

estimate sth. at sth. ^{估计某物（的数量、价值、重量等）为…}

Organizers estimated the crowd at 50,000.
The insurance company estimated the damage to the house at $50,000. ^{保险公司估计房子的损失为5万美元。}
The total cost of the project is now estimated at about ten million dollars.^{该项目的总成本现在估计约为一千万美元。}

现存研究结果

We must conclude from the work of those who have studied the origin of life, that given a planet only approximately like our own, life is almost certain to start.

given + n.（过去分词短语作条件状语）如果有，假如有

given prep. taking sth. into account 考虑到/鉴于…

start v. to come into being, activity, or operation 产生，出现，开始

Of all the planets in our own solar system, we are now pretty certain the Earth is the only one on which life can survive.

of prep. used when comparing related things （用于比较时）在…中

Mars is too dry and poor in oxygen, Venus far too hot, and so is Mercury, and the outer planets have temperatures near absolute zero and hydrogen-dominated atmospheres.

poor in sth. lacking sth. that is needed 缺乏…

rich in sth. containing a lot of sth. 富于…，富含…，盛产…

outer planet n. any of the planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto whose orbits lie beyond the asteroid belt 外行星，带外行星

absolute zero n [U] −273ºC or −460ºF, the lowest temperature that is possible in theory 绝对零度

dominate v. to be the most important person or thing 是最重要的人或事物

hydrogen-dominated = atmospheres which are dominated by hydrogen ⇒ hydrogen-dominated atmospheres

But other suns, stars as the astronomers call them, are bound to have planets like our own, and as the number of stars in the universe is so vast, this possibility becomes virtual certainty.

be bound to do certain to do sth. 必然会.../一定会...

vast adj. very large in area, size, quantity or degree（面积、体积、数量或程度）巨大的

virtual adj. [only before noun] almost or very nearly the thing described, so that any slight difference is not important 实际上的，其实，几乎，差不多

There are 100,000 million stars in our own Milky Way alone, and then there are 3,000 million other Milky Ways, or galaxies, in the universe.

Milky Way n. the galaxy containing the solar system, visible as a broad band of faint light in the night sky 银河系

alone adv. without including anything else 单单，仅

or 引出同位语

So the number of stars that we know exist is now estimated at about 300 million million million.

Embedded Attributive Clause 嵌入式定语从句

estimate sth. at sth. 估计某物（的数量、价值、重量等）为…

given + n.^{（过去分词短语作条件状语）如果有，假如有}

given ^{prep. taking sth. into account 考虑到/鉴于…}

start ^{v. to come into being, activity, or operation 产生，出现，开始}

of ^{prep. used when comparing related things （用于比较时）在…中}

poor in sth. ^{lacking sth. that is needed 缺乏…}

rich in sth. ^{containing a lot of sth. 富于…，富含…，盛产…}

outer planet ^{n. any of the planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto whose orbits lie beyond the asteroid belt 外行星，带外行星}

absolute zero ^{n [U] −273ºC or −460ºF, the lowest temperature that is possible in theory 绝对零度}

dominate ^{v. to be the most important person or thing 是最重要的人或事物}

be bound to do^{certain to do sth. 必然会.../一定会...}

vast ^{adj. very large in area, size, quantity or degree（面积、体积、数量或程度）巨大的}

virtual ^{adj. [only before noun] almost or very nearly the thing described, so that any slight difference is not important 实际上的，其实，几乎，差不多}

Milky Way ^{n. the galaxy containing the solar system, visible as a broad band of faint light in the night sky 银河系}

alone ^{adv. without including anything else 单单，仅}

Embedded Attributive Clause ^{嵌入式定语从句}

estimate sth. at sth. ^{估计某物（的数量、价值、重量等）为…}